Compounds, compositions and methods for reducing lipid levels

ABSTRACT

Compositions comprising extracts or isolated or purified compounds from plants of the genus  Corydalis  provide prevention and treatment of hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hepatic steatosis, and metabolic syndrome.  Corydalis  compounds and their derivatives of natural and synthetic origins lower total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides and increase hepatic LDL receptor expression and activate AMP-activated protein kinase. Specific stereoisomers of  Corydalis  compounds with lipid lowering activity include 14R-(+)-corypalmine, 14R,13S-(+)-corydaline, 14R-(+)-tetrahydropalmatin, (+)-corlumidin, d-(+)-bicuculline, and (+)-egenine.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/937,007, filed Jun. 22, 2007, and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/054,444, filed May 19, 2008, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herein.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is related to methods, compounds and compositions to treat hyperlipidemia, including hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia, as well as hepatic steatosis and metabolic syndrome.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with one aspect, the invention provides methods of reducing plasma and/or hepatic lipid levels of a subject in need thereof, which comprises administering to the said subject a lipid-lowering effective amount of a compound, composition or extract described herein. The lipid level to be reduced can be one or more of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and unesterified long chain fatty acids. In another aspect, the invention provides methods for treating a disease or condition selected from the group consisting of hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hepatic steatosis and metabolic syndrome, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound, composition or extract described herein.

In one aspect, the invention provides lipid lowering agents, including hypocholesterolemic and/or hypotriglyceridemic extracts and compounds, and derivatives of such compounds, from a variety of plants including Corydalis, Leontice, Mahonia, Fumaria, Legnephora, Stephania, Chelidonium, Hunnemannia, Coptis, Guatteria, Pachypodanthium; Chasmanthera, Fibraurea; Cheilanthes, Dicranostigma; Glaucium; and Chelidonium. In some embodiments, the extract is obtained from the plant species selected from the group consisting of Corydalis (ambigua, bulbosa, cava, chaerophylla, pallida, solida, thalictrifolia., tuberosa, turtschaminowii Besser), Leontice (leontopetalum), Mahonia (aquifolium), Fumaria (vaillantii), Legnephora (moorii), Stephania (glabra, tetranda), Chelidonium (majus), Hunnemannia (fumariaefolia), Coptis (groenlandica), Guatteria (discolor), Pachypodanthium (staudtii); Chasmanthera (dependens), Fibraurea (chloroleuca); Cheilanthes (meifolia), Dicranostigma. (leptopodum); Glaucium (vitellinum); Corydalis yan hu suo; and Corydalis Xiar Ri Wu.

In certain embodiments the lipid lowering agent is isoquinolinyl-containing alkaloid from, e.g., a Corydalis extract or a derivative of a Corydalis compound, such as a compound of Formulae I, II, III, or IV as shown herein. Exemplary lipid lowering agents include substantially pure corlumidin (CLMD), (+)-corlumidin, (+)-CLMD, corypalmine (CRPM), 14R-(+)-corypalmine (14R-(+)-CRPM), tetrahydropalmatine (THP), 14R-(+)-tetrahydropalmatine (14R-(+)-THP), corydaline (CRDL), 14R,13S-(+)-corydaline (14R,13S-(+)-CRDL), bicuculline (BCCL), d-(+)-bicuculline (d-(+)-BCCL), and Egenine (EGN), (+)-egenine ((+)-EGN).

For compounds of either Formula I or Formula II, R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, and R₆ are selected (independently, collectively, or in any combination) from H, halogen, hydroxy, C₁-C₆ alkyl, alkoxy, nitro, amino, aminoalkyl, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, cycloalkyl, alkanoyl, alkanoyloxy, nitrile, dialkylamino, alkenyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, aminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, haloalkyl, carboxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, carboxy, alkanoylamino, carbonylamino, carbamoyl, alkylsulfonylamino, and heterocyclyl groups. Preferably, R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, and R₆ are not halogen when halogen would be covalently bonded to oxygen. In one aspect, the compounds of the invention can also comprise one or more halogens as substituents at any position of Formula I or Formula II. In some embodiments, compounds of Formula I have the 14R-(+) stereochemical configuration.

In some embodiments, the lipid lowering agents that may be used in methods described herein include compounds of Formula III and Formula IV:

or stereoisomers thereof, tautomers thereof, solvates thereof, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; wherein

R₁ and R₂ are independently —H, —(CH₂)₀₋₆COOR′, —C(O)R″, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heterocyclylalkyl group; or R₁ and R₂ together are a methylene group;

R₃ and R₈ are independently —H, —OH, —Cl, —Br, —F, —I, —CN, —NH₂, —C(O)NH₂, —COOH, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, or aralkyl group;

R₃′ is H, or R₃ and R₃′ together are an oxo group;

R₄ is —H, halogen, —OR′, —OSO₂R″, —OC(O)R″, —OC(O)OR″, —OC(O)NR′R″, —O-alkylene-NR′R′, —O-alkylene-OSO₂R″, —O-alkylene-S(O)₀₋₂R″, —O-alkylene-NR′SO₂R″, —O-alkylene-N(R′)C(O)R′, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group;

R₅ and R₆ are independently —H, halogen, —OH, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group; or R₄ and R₅ together are a methylenedioxy group, or R₅ and R₆ together are a methylenedioxy group;

R₇ is H, halogen, OH, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or alkoxy group;

R₉ is H or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group;

each R′ is independently a hydrogen, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heterocyclylalkyl group;

each R″ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heterocyclylalkyl group.

In other embodiments, there are provided a second group of compounds of Formula III:

stereoisomers thereof, tautomers thereof, solvates thereof, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; wherein

R₁ and R₂ are independently —H, —(CH₂)₀₋₆COOR′, —C(O)R″, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heterocyclylalkyl group; or R₁ and R₂ together are a methylene group;

R₃ and R₈ are independently —H, —OH, —Cl, —Br, —F, —I, —CN, —NH₂, —C(O)NH₂, —COOH, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy or aralkyl group;

R₃′ is —H, or R₃ and R₃′ together are an oxo group;

R₄ is —H, halogen, —OR′, —OSO₂R″, —OC(O)R″, —OC(O)OR″, —OC(O)NR′R″, —O-alkylene-NR′R′, —O-alkylene-OSO₂R″, —O-alkylene-S(O)₀₋₂R″, —O-alkylene-NR′SO₂R″, —O-alkylene-N(R′)C(O)R′, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group;

R₅ and R₆ are independently —H, halogen, —OH, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group; or R₄ and R₅ together are a methylenedioxy group, or R₅ and R₆ together are a methylenedioxy group;

R₇ is —H, halogen, —OH, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or alkoxy group;

each R′ is independently a hydrogen, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heterocyclylalkyl group;

each R″ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heterocyclylalkyl group;

with the proviso that when R₄ is —H, —OH or a C₁₋₄ alkoxy group, then R₅ is not —H, —OH or a C₁₋₄ alkoxy group; and when R₁ and R₂ are both —CH₃ or when R₁ and R₂ together are a methylene group, then R₅ is not OH or a C₁₋₂ alkoxy group, and R₄ and R₅ together are not a methylenedioxy group; and when R₄ is OC(O)R″, then R₅ is not OC(O)R″ or methoxy.

In another aspect, a lipid lowering agent of the invention is part of a pharmaceutical composition containing one or more excipients, carriers, or fillers. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is packaged in unit dosage form. The unit dosage form is effective in lowering lipid levels (e.g., at least one of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, and unesterified long chain fatty acids) in the bloodstream and/or in the liver when administered to a subject in need thereof.

Still another aspect of the invention is a pharmaceutical pack or kit containing a lipid lowering agent according to the invention and a second agent. The second agent can be a cholesterol uptake inhibitor, a cholesterol synthesis inhibitor, a cholesterol absorption inhibitor, a bile acid sequestrant, a vitamin, an antihypertensive agent, or a platelet aggregation inhibitor. The second agent alternatively can be an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, an HMG-CoA synthase inhibitor, a squalene epoxidase inhibitor, an acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitor, a microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) inhibitor, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonist, or an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator. The second agent can also be an agent that increases low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) expression. The second agent can be a berberine compound, such as tetrahydroberberine.

Yet another aspect of the invention is a method of synthesizing 14R-tetrahydropalmatine. The method includes treating berberine with boron trichloride in methylene chloride, methylating the product with methyl iodide and potassium carbonate in dry acetone, and hydrogenating the product using an asymmetric hydrogenation catalyst to yield 14R-tetrahydropalmatine.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the determination of the stereochemical configuration of CRDL by x-ray diffraction.

FIG. 2 shows the determination of the stereochemical configuration of THP by x-ray diffraction.

FIG. 3 shows the potent and dose-dependent effects of (+)-CLMD, 14R-(+)-CRPM, 14R,13S-(+)-CRDL, and 14R-(+)-THP on LDLR mRNA expression in HepG2 cells by a semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis.

FIG. 4 shows the determination of the specific stereochemical requirements of +/−THP in the upregulation of LDLR mRNA expression.

FIG. 5 shows Western blot analysis of the activation of ERK in HepG2 cells by 14R,13S-(+)-CRDL and 14R-(+)-THP.

FIG. 6 shows Western blot analysis of the induction of ACC phosphorylation by 14R-(+)-THP.

FIG. 7 shows a concentration vs. time curve of CRDL in hamsters following intravenous administration of 2 mg/kg body weight. FIG. 7A shows the results for individual animals, and FIG. 7B shows the mean+/−standard deviation.

FIG. 8 shows a concentration vs. time curve of CRDL in hamsters following oral administration of 20 mg/kg body weight. FIG. 8A shows the results for individual animals, and FIG. 8B shows the mean+/−standard deviation.

FIG. 9A is a bar graph showing plasma lipid levels in male Golden Syrian hamsters on a high cholesterol diet in control and d-THP (i.e., (14R)-(+)-THP) treatment groups after 34 days of drug treatment by i.p. route. FIG. 9B shows weight gains in both groups.

FIG. 10A is a bar graph showing plasma lipid levels in male Golden Syrian hamsters on a high cholesterol diet in control and (14R,13S)-CRDL treated (10 mg/kg daily) groups after 17 days of drug treatment by i.p. route. FIG. 10B shows the elevated alanine aminotransaminase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransaminase (AST) in blood of the same hamsters in control and CRDL treatment group. CRDL treatment significantly reduced ALT and AST in plasma. FIG. 10C shows that the blood levels of urea nitrogen (BUN) and glucose were not changed, while the level of creatinine (CREA) was reduced by 20% (p<0.001)

FIG. 11A shows a TC vs. time curve in Wister male rats treated with (14R,13S)-CRDL HCl and demonstrates that CRDL treatment lowered TC to 33.8% compared to the control group and to 33.0% of the pretreatment level. FIG. 11B shows a similar curve for LDL-c levels and shows that the LDL-c level was reduced by CRDL to 25.6% of control, and to 22.4% of day 0 by CRDL treatment. FIG. 11C shows a similar curve for TG levels which indicates that the TG level was decreased to 29% of the control and to 27% of the pretreatment level (day 0). FIG. 11D is a bar graph showing the serum levels of AST and ALT in Wister male rats treated with (14R,13S)-CRDL HCl and that of the control group and indicates that liver function was not damaged by CRDL instead it was improved with statistical significance. FIG. 11E is a similar bar graph which shows the glucose, BUN and CREA levels and demonstrates that kidney function and blood glucose level were not changed by the treatment with CRDL.

FIG. 12A shows the food intake vs. time curve for male Wister rats treated with CRDL and the control group. After an initial decrease in food consumption during the first week, it increase and leveled off at statistically similar level to the control group through the rest of treatment times. FIG. 12B shows the change in body weight vs. time cure for the CRDL-treated Wister rats and the control group fed with high fat and high cholesterol diet and shows that, while the control group gained over 30% of their body weight during the 4-weeks, the body weights of Wister rats in CRDL-treated group have maintained constant.

FIG. 13 shows that enantiomers of compounds disclosed herein with dextrorotary optical rotation elevate LDLR mRNA levels.

FIG. 14 is a Western blot showing that levels of phosphorylated and activated ERK and AMPK were significantly increased in HepG2 cells treated with compounds of the invention as compared to untreated control cells.

FIG. 15 compares total cellular TG content of cells exposed to compounds disclosed herein.

FIG. 16 shows that the statin drug simvastatin increases LDLR mRNA levels (top panel) but fails to lower cellular TG content (bottom panel).

FIG. 17 shows the combined effect of simvastatin and compounds of the invention on LDLR mRNA levels.

FIG. 18 shows that compounds disclosed herein strongly inhibit the mRNA expression of PCSK9.

FIG. 19A shows a LDLR mRNA level vs. concentration curve for compound 91 and simvastatin and FIG. 19B shows a PCSK9 mRNA levels vs. concentration curve for curve compound 91.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In various aspects, the present invention provides novel compounds, extracts, methods for reducing plasma and/or hepatic lipid levels, and methods for treating hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hepatic steatosis and metabolic syndrome. The compounds provided herein can be formulated into pharmaceutical compositions and medicaments that are useful in the disclosed methods. Also provided are the use of the compounds and extracts in preparing pharmaceutical formulations and medicaments, the use of the compounds and extracts in reducing plasma and/or hepatic lipid levels, and the use of the compounds and extracts in treating hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hepatic steatosis and metabolic syndrome.

The following terms are used throughout as defined below.

Generally, reference to a certain element such as hydrogen or H is meant to include all isotopes of that element. For example, if an R group is defined to include hydrogen or H, it also includes deuterium and tritium. Compounds comprising radioisotopes such as tritium, C¹⁴, P³² and S35 are thus within the scope of the invention. Procedures for inserting such labels into the compounds of the invention will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art based on the disclosure herein.

In general, “substituted” refers to an organic group as defined below (e.g., an alkyl group) in which one or more bonds to a hydrogen atom contained therein are replaced by a bond to non-hydrogen or non-carbon atoms. Substituted groups also include groups in which one or more bonds to a carbon(s) or hydrogen(s) atom are replaced by one or more bonds, including double or triple bonds, to a heteroatom. Thus, a substituted group is substituted with one or more substituents, unless otherwise specified. In some embodiments, a substituted group is substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 substituents. Examples of substituent groups include: halogens (i.e., F, Cl, Br, and I); hydroxyls; alkoxy, alkenoxy, aryloxy, aralkyloxy, heterocyclyloxy, and heterocyclylalkoxy groups; carbonyls (oxo); carboxyls; esters; urethanes; oximes; hydroxylamines; alkoxyamines; aralkoxyamines; thiols; sulfides; sulfoxides; sulfones; sulfonyls; sulfonamides; amines; N-oxides; hydrazines; hydrazides; hydrazones; azides; amides; ureas; amidines; guanidines; enamines; imides; isocyanates; isothiocyanates; cyanates; thiocyanates; imines; nitro groups; nitriles (i.e., CN); and the like.

Substituted ring groups such as substituted cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl and heteroaryl groups also include rings and ring systems in which a bond to a hydrogen atom is replaced with a bond to a carbon atom. Therefore, substituted cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl and heteroaryl groups may also be substituted with substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups as defined below.

Alkyl groups include straight chain and branched chain alkyl groups having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and typically from 1 to 10 carbons or, in some embodiments, from 1 to 8, 1 to 6, or 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Examples of straight chain alkyl groups include groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, and n-octyl groups. Examples of branched alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, isopropyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, neopentyl, isopentyl, and 2,2-dimethylpropyl groups. Representative substituted alkyl groups may be substituted one or more times with substituents such as those listed above, and include without limitation haloalkyl (e.g., trifluoromethyl), hydroxyalkyl, thioalkyl, aminoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, carboxyalkyl, and the like.

Cycloalkyl groups include mono-, bi- or tricyclic alkyl groups having from 3 to 12 carbon atoms in the ring(s), or, in some embodiments, 3 to 10, 3 to 8, or 3 to 4, 5, or 6 carbon atoms. Exemplary monocyclic cycloalkyl groups include, but not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl groups. In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl group has 3 to 8 ring members, whereas in other embodiments the number of ring carbon atoms range from 3 to 5, 3 to 6, or 3 to 7. Bi- and tricyclic ring systems include both bridged cycloalkyl groups and fused rings, such as, but not limited to, bicyclo[2.1.1]hexane, adamantyl, decalinyl, and the like. Substituted cycloalkyl groups may be substituted one or more times with, non-hydrogen and non-carbon groups as defined above. However, substituted cycloalkyl groups also include rings that are substituted with straight or branched chain alkyl groups as defined above. Representative substituted cycloalkyl groups may be mono-substituted or substituted more than once, such as, but not limited to, 2,2-, 2,3-, 2,4- 2,5- or 2,6-disubstituted cyclohexyl groups, which may be substituted with substituents such as those listed above.

Cycloalkylalkyl groups are alkyl groups as defined above in which a hydrogen or carbon bond of an alkyl group is replaced with a bond to a cycloalkyl group as defined above. In some embodiments, cycloalkylalkyl groups have from 4 to 16 carbon atoms, 4 to 12 carbon atoms, and typically 4 to 10 carbon atoms. Substituted cycloalkylalkyl groups may be substituted at the alkyl, the cycloalkyl or both the alkyl and cycloalkyl portions of the group. Representative substituted cycloalkylalkyl groups may be mono-substituted or substituted more than once, such as, but not limited to, mono-, di- or tri-substituted with substituents such as those listed above.

Alkenyl groups include straight and branched chain alkyl groups as defined above, except that at least one double bond exists between two carbon atoms. Alkenyl groups have from 2 to 12 carbon atoms, and typically from 2 to 10 carbons or, in some embodiments, from 2 to 8, 2 to 6, or 2 to 4 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the alkenyl group has one, two, or three carbon-carbon double bonds. Examples include, but are not limited to vinyl, allyl, —CH═CH(CH₃), —CH═C(CH₃)₂, —C(CH₃)═CH₂, —C(CH₃)═CH(CH₃), —C(CH₂CH₃)═CH₂, among others. Representative substituted alkenyl groups may be mono-substituted or substituted more than once, such as, but not limited to, mono-, di- or tri-substituted with substituents such as those listed above.

Cycloalkenyl groups include cycloalkyl groups as defined above, having at least one double bond between two carbon atoms. In some embodiments the cycloalkenyl group may have one, two or three double bonds but does not include aromatic compounds. Cycloalkenyl groups have from 4 to 14 carbon atoms, or, in some embodiments, 5 to 14 carbon atoms, 5 to 10 carbon atoms, or even 5, 6, 7, or 8 carbon atoms. Examples of cycloalkenyl groups include cyclohexenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexadienyl, butadienyl, pentadienyl, and hexadienyl.

Cycloalkenylalkyl groups are alkyl groups as defined above in which a hydrogen or carbon bond of the alkyl group is replaced with a bond to a cycloalkenyl group as defined above. Substituted cycloalkenylalkyl groups may be substituted at the alkyl, the cycloalkenyl or both the alkyl and cycloalkenyl portions of the group. Representative substituted cycloalkenylalkyl groups may be substituted one or more times with substituents such as those listed above.

Alkynyl groups include straight and branched chain alkyl groups as defined above, except that at least one triple bond exists between two carbon atoms. Alkynyl groups have from 2 to 12 carbon atoms, and typically from 2 to 10 carbons or, in some embodiments, from 2 to 8, 2 to 6, or 2 to 4 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the alkynyl group has one, two, or three carbon-carbon triple bonds. Examples include, but are not limited to —C≡CH, —C≡CH₃, —CH₂C≡CH₃, —C≡CH₂CH(CH₂CH₃)₂, among others. Representative substituted alkynyl groups may be mono-substituted or substituted more than once, such as, but not limited to, mono-, di- or tri-substituted with substituents such as those listed above.

Aryl groups are cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that do not contain heteroatoms. Aryl groups herein include monocyclic, bicyclic and tricyclic ring systems. Thus, aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, azulenyl, heptalenyl, biphenyl, fluorenyl, phenanthrenyl, anthracenyl, indenyl, indanyl, pentalenyl, and naphthyl groups. In some embodiments, aryl groups contain 6-14 carbons, and in others from 6 to 12 or even 6-10 carbon atoms in the ring portions of the groups. In some embodiments, the aryl groups are phenyl or naphthyl. Although the phrase “aryl groups” includes groups containing fused rings, such as fused aromatic-aliphatic ring systems (e.g., indanyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, and the like), it does not include aryl groups that have other groups, such as alkyl or halo groups, bonded to one of the ring members. Rather, groups such as tolyl are referred to as substituted aryl groups. Representative substituted aryl groups may be mono-substituted or substituted more than once. For example, monosubstituted aryl groups include, but are not limited to, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, or 6-substituted phenyl or naphthyl groups, which may be substituted with substituents such as those listed above.

Aralkyl groups are alkyl groups as defined above in which a hydrogen or carbon bond of an alkyl group is replaced with a bond to an aryl group as defined above. In some embodiments, aralkyl groups contain 7 to 16 carbon atoms, 7 to 14 carbon atoms, or 7 to 10 carbon atoms. Substituted aralkyl groups may be substituted at the alkyl, the aryl or both the alkyl and aryl portions of the group. Representative aralkyl groups include but are not limited to benzyl and phenethyl groups and fused (cycloalkylaryl)alkyl groups such as 4-indanylethyl. Representative substituted aralkyl groups may be substituted one or more times with substituents such as those listed above.

Heterocyclyl groups include aromatic (also referred to as heteroaryl) and non-aromatic ring compounds containing 3 or more ring members, of which one or more is a heteroatom such as, but not limited to, N, O, and S. In some embodiments, the heterocyclyl group contains 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms. In some embodiments, heterocyclyl groups include mono-, bi- and tricyclic rings having 3 to 16 ring members, whereas other such groups have 3 to 6, 3 to 10, 3 to 12, or 3 to 14 ring members. Heterocyclyl groups encompass aromatic, partially unsaturated and saturated ring systems, such as, for example, imidazolyl, imidazolinyl and imidazolidinyl groups. The phrase “heterocyclyl group” includes fused ring species including those comprising fused aromatic and non-aromatic groups, such as, for example, benzotriazolyl, 2,3-dihydrobenzo[1,4]dioxinyl, and benzo[1,3]dioxolyl. The phrase also includes bridged polycyclic ring systems containing a heteroatom such as, but not limited to, quinuclidyl. However, the phrase does not include heterocyclyl groups that have other groups, such as alkyl, oxo or halo groups, bonded to one of the ring members. Rather, these are referred to as “substituted heterocyclyl groups”. Heterocyclyl groups include, but are not limited to, aziridinyl, azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, thiazolidinyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, dioxolyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, pyrrolyl, pyrrolinyl, imidazolyl, imidazolinyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazolinyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, thiazolinyl, isothiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, piperidyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, oxathiane, dioxyl, dithianyl, pyranyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, dihydropyridyl, dihydrodithiinyl, dihydrodithionyl, homopiperazinyl, quinuclidyl, indolyl, indolinyl, isoindolyl, azaindolyl (pyrrolopyridyl), indazolyl, indolizinyl, benzotriazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, benzthiazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzoxazinyl, benzodithiinyl, benzoxathiinyl, benzothiazinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzo[1,3]dioxolyl, pyrazolopyridyl, imidazopyridyl (azabenzimidazolyl), triazolopyridyl, isoxazolopyridyl, purinyl, xanthinyl, adeninyl, guaninyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinolizinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, naphthyridinyl, pteridinyl, thianaphthyl, dihydrobenzothiazinyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, dihydroindolyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl, tetrahydroindolyl, tetrahydroindazolyl, tetrahydrobenzimidazolyl, tetrahydrobenzotriazolyl, tetrahydropyrrolopyridyl, tetrahydropyrazolopyridyl, tetrahydroimidazopyridyl, tetrahydrotriazolopyridyl, and tetrahydroquinolinyl groups. Representative substituted heterocyclyl groups may be mono-substituted or substituted more than once, such as, but not limited to, pyridyl or morpholinyl groups, which are 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, or 6-substituted, or disubstituted with various substituents such as those listed above.

Heteroaryl groups are aromatic ring compounds containing 5 or more ring members, of which, one or more is a heteroatom such as, but not limited to, N, O, and S. Heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, groups such as pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, thiophenyl, benzothiophenyl, furanyl, benzofuranyl, indolyl, azaindolyl (pyrrolopyridinyl), indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, imidazopyridinyl (azabenzimidazolyl), pyrazolopyridinyl, triazolopyridinyl, benzotriazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, imidazopyridinyl, isoxazolopyridinyl, thianaphthyl, purinyl, xanthinyl, adeninyl, guaninyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, and quinazolinyl groups. Heteroaryl groups include fused ring compounds in which all rings are aromatic such as indolyl groups and include fused ring compounds in which only one of the rings is aromatic, such as 2,3-dihydro indolyl groups. Although the phrase “heteroaryl groups” includes fused ring compounds, the phrase does not include heteroaryl groups that have other groups bonded to one of the ring members, such as alkyl groups. Rather, heteroaryl groups with such substitution are referred to as “substituted heteroaryl groups.” Representative substituted heteroaryl groups may be substituted one or more times with various substituents such as those listed above.

Heterocyclylalkyl groups are alkyl groups as defined above in which a hydrogen or carbon bond of an alkyl group is replaced with a bond to a heterocyclyl group as defined above. Substituted heterocyclylalkyl groups may be substituted at the alkyl, the heterocyclyl or both the alkyl and heterocyclyl portions of the group. Representative heterocyclyl alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, morpholin-4-yl-ethyl, furan-2-yl-methyl, imidazol-4-yl-methyl, pyridin-3-yl-methyl, tetrahydrofuran-2-yl-ethyl, and indol-2-yl-propyl. Representative substituted heterocyclylalkyl groups may be substituted one or more times with substituents such as those listed above.

Heteroaralkyl groups are alkyl groups as defined above in which a hydrogen or carbon bond of an alkyl group is replaced with a bond to a heteroaryl group as defined above. Substituted heteroaralkyl groups may be substituted at the alkyl, the heteroaryl or both the alkyl and heteroaryl portions of the group. Representative substituted heteroaralkyl groups may be substituted one or more times with substituents such as those listed above.

Groups described herein having two or more points of attachment (i.e., divalent, trivalent, or polyvalent) within the compound of the invention are designated by use of the suffix, “ene.” For example, divalent alkyl groups are alkylene groups, divalent aryl groups are arylene groups, divalent heteroaryl groups are divalent heteroarylene groups, and so forth. Substituted groups having a single point of attachment to the compound of the invention are not referred to using the “ene” designation. Thus, e.g., chloroethyl is not referred to herein as chloroethylene.

Alkoxy groups are hydroxyl groups (—OH) in which the bond to the hydrogen atom is replaced by a bond to a carbon atom of a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group as defined above. Examples of linear alkoxy groups include but are not limited to methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, pentoxy, hexoxy, and the like. Examples of branched alkoxy groups include but are not limited to isopropoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, isopentoxy, isohexoxy, and the like. Examples of cycloalkoxy groups include but are not limited to cyclopropyloxy, cyclobutyloxy, cyclopentyloxy, cyclohexyloxy, and the like. Representative substituted alkoxy groups may be substituted one or more times with substituents such as those listed above.

The terms “alkanoyl” and “alkanoyloxy” as used herein can refer, respectively, to —C(O)-alkyl groups and —O—C(O)-alkyl groups, each containing 2-5 carbon atoms.

The terms “aryloxy” and “arylalkoxy” refer to, respectively, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group bonded to an oxygen atom and a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group bonded to the oxygen atom at the alkyl. Examples include but are not limited to phenoxy, naphthyloxy, and benzyloxy. Representative substituted aryloxy and arylalkoxy groups may be substituted one or more times with substituents such as those listed above.

The term “carboxylate” as used herein refers to a —COOH group.

The term “ester” as used herein refers to —COOR³⁰ groups. R³⁰ is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclylalkyl or heterocyclyl group as defined herein.

The term “amide” (or “amido”) includes C- and N-amide groups, i.e., —C(O)NR³¹R³², and —NR³¹C(O)R³² groups, respectively. R³¹ and R³² are independently hydrogen, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclylalkyl or heterocyclyl group as defined herein. Amido groups therefore include but are not limited to carbamoyl groups (—C(O)NH₂) and formamide groups (—NHC(O)H). In some embodiments, the amide is —NR³¹C(O)—(C₁₋₅ alkyl) and the group is termed “carbonylamino,” and in others the amide is —NHC(O)-alkyl and the group is termed “alkanoylamino.”

The term “nitrile” or “cyano” as used herein refers to the —CN group.

Urethane groups include N- and O-urethane groups, i.e., —NR³³C(O)OR³⁴ and —OC(O)NR³³R³⁴ groups, respectively. R³³ and R³⁴ are independently a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, or heterocyclyl group as defined herein. R³³ may also be H.

The term “amine” (or “amino”) as used herein refers to —NR³⁵R³⁶ groups, wherein R³⁵ and R³⁶ are independently hydrogen, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclylalkyl or heterocyclyl group as defined herein. In some embodiments, the amine is alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, or alkylarylamino. In other embodiments, the amine is NH₂, methylamino, dimethylamino, ethylamino, diethylamino, propylamino, isopropylamino, phenylamino, or benzylamino.

The term “sulfonamido” includes S- and N-sulfonamide groups, i.e., —SO₂NR³⁸R³⁹ and —NR³⁸SO₂R³⁹ groups, respectively. R³⁸ and R³⁹ are independently hydrogen, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, or heterocyclyl group as defined herein. Sulfonamido groups therefore include but are not limited to sulfamoyl groups (—SO₂NH₂). In some embodiments herein, the sulfonamido is —NHSO₂-alkyl and is referred to as the “alkylsulfonylamino” group.

The term “thiol” refers to —SH groups, while sulfides include —SR⁴⁰ groups, sulfoxides include —S(O)R⁴¹ groups, sulfones include —SO₂R⁴² groups, and sulfonyls include —SO₂OR⁴³. R⁴⁰, R⁴¹, R⁴², and R⁴³ are each independently a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl aralkyl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclylalkyl group as defined herein. In some embodiments the sulfide is an alkylthio group, —S-alkyl.

The term “urea” refers to —NR⁴⁴—C(O)—NR⁴⁵R⁴⁶ groups. R⁴⁴, R⁴⁵, and R⁴⁶ groups are independently hydrogen, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, or heterocyclylalkyl group as defined herein.

The term “amidine” refers to —C(NR⁴⁷)NR⁴⁸R⁴⁹ and —NR⁴⁷C(NR⁴⁸)R⁴⁹, wherein R⁴⁷, R⁴⁸, and R⁴⁹ are each independently hydrogen, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl aralkyl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclylalkyl group as defined herein.

The term “guanidine” refers to —NR C(NR⁵¹)NR⁵²R⁵³, wherein R⁵⁰, R⁵¹, R⁵² and R⁵³ are each independently hydrogen, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl aralkyl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclylalkyl group as defined herein.

The term “enamine” refers to —C(R⁵⁴)═C(R⁵⁵)NR⁵⁶R⁵⁷ and —NR⁵⁴C(R⁵⁵)═C(R⁵⁶)R⁵⁷, wherein R⁵⁴, R⁵⁵, R⁵⁶ and R⁵⁷ are each independently hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl aralkyl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclylalkyl group as defined herein.

The term “halogen” or “halo” as used herein refers to bromine, chlorine, fluorine, or iodine. In some embodiments, the halogen is fluorine. In other embodiments, the halogen is chlorine or bromine.

The term “hydroxy” as used herein can refer to —OH or its ionized form, —O—.

The term “imide” refers to —C(O)NR⁵⁸C(O)R⁵⁹, wherein R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ are each independently hydrogen, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl aralkyl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclylalkyl group as defined herein.

The term “imine” refers to —CR⁶⁰(NR⁶¹) and —N(CR⁶⁰R⁶¹) groups, wherein R⁶⁰ and R⁶¹ are each independently hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl aralkyl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclylalkyl group as defined herein, with the proviso that R⁶⁰ and R⁶¹ are not both simultaneously hydrogen.

The term “nitro” as used herein refers to an —NO₂ group.

The term “trifluoromethyl” as used herein refers to —CF₃.

The term “trifluoromethoxy” as used herein refers to —OCF₃.

As will be understood by one skilled in the art, for any and all purposes, particularly in terms of providing a written description, all ranges disclosed herein also encompass any and all possible subranges and combinations of subranges thereof. Any listed range can be easily recognized as sufficiently describing and enabling the same range being broken down into at least equal halves, thirds, quarters, fifths, tenths, etc. As a non-limiting example, each range discussed herein can be readily broken down into a lower third, middle third and upper third, etc. As will also be understood by one skilled in the art all language such as “up to,” “at least,” “greater than,” “less than,” and the like include the number recited and refer to ranges which can be subsequently broken down into subranges as discussed above. Finally, as will be understood by one skilled in the art, a range includes each individual member. Thus, for example, a group having 1-3 atoms refers to groups having 1, 2, or 3 atoms. Similarly, a group having 1-5 atoms refers to groups having 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 atoms, and so forth.

Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds described herein are within the scope of the present invention and include acid or base addition salts which retain the desired pharmacological activity and is not biologically undesirable (e.g., the salt is not unduly toxic, allergenic, or irritating, and is bioavailable). When the compound of the invention has a basic group, such as, for example, an amino group, pharmaceutically acceptable salts can be formed with inorganic acids (such as hydrochloric acid, hydroboric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid), organic acids (e.g. alginate, formic acid, acetic acid, benzoic acid, gluconic acid, fumaric acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid, maleic acid, citric acid, succinic acid, malic acid, methanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, naphthalene sulfonic acid, and p-toluenesulfonic acid) or acidic amino acids (such as aspartic acid and glutamic acid). When the compound of the invention has an acidic group, such as for example, a carboxylic acid group, it can form salts with metals, such as alkali and earth alkali metals (e.g. Na⁺, Li⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Zn²⁺), ammonia or organic amines (e.g. dicyclohexylamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, pyridine, picoline, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine) or basic amino acids (e.g. arginine, lysine and ornithine). Such salts can be prepared in situ during isolation and purification of the compounds or by separately reacting the purified compound in its free base or free acid form with a suitable acid or base, respectively, and isolating the salt thus formed.

Those of skill in the art will appreciate that compounds of the invention may exhibit the phenomena of tautomerism, conformational isomerism, geometric isomerism and/or stereoisomerism. As the formula drawings within the specification and claims can represent only one of the possible tautomeric, conformational isomeric, stereochemical or geometric isomeric forms, it should be understood that the invention encompasses any tautomeric, conformational isomeric, stereochemical and/or geometric isomeric forms of the compounds having one or more of the utilities described herein, as well as mixtures of these various different forms.

“Tautomers” refers to isomeric forms of a compound that are in equilibrium with each other. The presence and concentrations of the isomeric forms will depend on the environment the compound is found in and may be different depending upon, for example, whether the compound is a solid or is in an organic or aqueous solution. For example, in aqueous solution, imidazoles may exhibit the following isomeric forms, which are referred to as tautomers of each other:

As readily understood by one skilled in the art, a wide variety of functional groups and other structures may exhibit tautomerism, and all tautomers of compounds as described herein are within the scope of the present invention.

Stereoisomers of compounds (also known as optical isomers) include all chiral, diastereomeric, and racemic forms of a structure, unless the specific stereochemistry is expressly indicated. Thus, compounds used in the present invention include enriched or resolved optical isomers at any or all asymmetric atoms as are apparent from the depictions. Both racemic and diastereomeric mixtures, as well as the individual optical isomers can be isolated or synthesized so as to be substantially free of their enantiomeric or diastereomeric partners, and these stereoisomers are all within the scope of the invention.

The compounds of the invention may exist as solvates, especially hydrates. Hydrates may form during manufacture of the compounds or compositions comprising the compounds, or hydrates may form over time due to the hygroscopic nature of the compounds. Compounds of the invention may exist as organic solvates as well, including DMF, ether, and alcohol solvates among others. The identification and preparation of any particular solvate is within the skill of the ordinary artisan of synthetic organic or medicinal chemistry.

Lipids include synthetic or naturally-occurring fat-soluble compounds, and include both neutral and amphipathic molecules. Amphipathic lipids typically comprise a hydrophilic component and a hydrophobic component. Exemplary lipids include fatty acids, triglycerides, neutral fats, phosphatides, glycolipids, aliphatic alcohols, waxes, terpenes, steroids such as cholesterol, and surfactants.

A “lipid lowering agent” as used herein refers to compounds and plant extracts containing compounds that have one or more of the following effects when administered to a subject: increasing the hepatic expression of LDLR; increasing the half-life of LDLR mRNA in hepatocytes; increasing hepatic uptake of plasma LDL, cholesterol, or triglycerides; enhancing hepatic fatty acid oxidation, reducing hepatic triglyceride synthesis and secretion, and reducing the plasma and/or hepatic levels of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, VLDL-cholesterol, or triglycerides. Lipid lowering agents as disclosed herein include compounds of Formulas I, II, III, and IV as well as extracts of plants (e.g., a Corydalis extract) containing one or more of such compounds, related compounds, or other alkaloid compounds having lipid lowering activity.

A “Corydalis extract” as used herein refers to a mixture of chemical compounds obtained from any portion of plant tissue obtained from one or more species of plant from the genus Corydalis. Such an extract can be obtained, for example, by grinding or homogenizing leaves, shoots, or roots from a Corydalis plant in a suitable solvent, e.g., an aqueous buffer, an organic solvent, or a mixture thereof. A Corydalis extract can be further processed by centrifugation, filtration, drying, further extraction, partitioning, chromatographic separation, or other chemical or biochemical processing steps. Furthermore, a Corydalis extract can be formulated for administration to a subject by the addition of one or more carriers, diluents, salts, buffers, flavoring agents, pharmaceutical agents, or nutrients. Extracts of lipid lowering agents from other alkaloid containing plants maybe prepared in a similar fashion. In certain embodiments, a Corydalis extract according to the invention does not contain a 14-reductase inhibitor.

A “compound” or “derivative” as used herein refers to a chemical compound, either in partially purified or substantially pure form, which either has been obtained from a plant extract, such as a Corydalis extract, by one or more purification steps or which has been produced by chemical synthesis from any desired starting materials. A compound or derivative according to the invention can be used either as a racemic mixture or as a pure stereoisomer. Preferred are pure stereoisomers which have activity as a lipid lowering agent.

A “partially purified” compound or derivative as used herein refers to a Corydalis compound or derivative thereof which is present in a chemical mixture that has been subjected to at least one separation or purification step resulting in the removal of at least one other chemical substance originally present in the initial extract or synthetic mixture containing the compound or derivative. A “substantially pure” compound or derivative is one which has been separated or purified to render the compound or derivative as the major chemical component of the substantially pure compound or derivative, i.e., comprising at least 50%, or in some embodiments at least 70%, at least 90%, or at least 95% or 99% on a molar basis.

In one aspect, the present invention provides methods of reducing plasma and/or hepatic lipid levels in a subject in need thereof, which comprises administering to said subject a lipid-lowering effective amount of a compound, extract or composition as described herein. The lipid level to be reduced can be one or more of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol (LDL-c), triglycerides (TG), and unesterified long chain fatty acids.

The compounds, extracts and compositions described herein may be used in the treatment or prophylaxis of diseases that include, for example, hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, fatty liver (hepatic steatosis), and metabolic syndrome. Methods of treatment include administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound, composition or extract described herein. The compounds of the invention can also be used in the treatment or prophylaxis of a disease state or malady characterized by or associated with elevated plasma or hepatic cholesterol or triglycerides. Generally, prophylactic or prophylaxis relates to a reduction in the likelihood of the patient developing a disorder such as hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, fatty liver, or metabolic syndrome or proceeding to a diagnosis state for the disorder. For example, the compounds of the invention can be used prophylacticly as a measure designed to preserve health and prevent the spread or maturation of disease in a patient. It is also appreciated that the various modes of treatment or prevention of a disease such as hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, fatty liver, or metabolic syndrome can mean “substantial” treatment or prevention, which includes total but also less than total treatment or prevention, and in which some biologically or medically relevant result is achieved. Furthermore, treatment or treating as well as alleviating can refer to therapeutic treatment and prophylactic or preventative measures in which the object is to prevent, slow down (lessen) a disease state, condition or malady. For example, a subject can be successfully treated for hypercholesterolemia if, after receiving through administration an effective or therapeutic amount of one or more compounds described herein, the subject shows observable and/or measurable reduction in or absence of one or more signs and symptoms of the particular disease such as, but not limited to, reduced plasma total cholesterol, reduced plasma LDL-cholesterol, increased hepatic expression of LDL receptor (LDLR), reduced plasma triglycerides, reduced morbidity and mortality, or improvement in quality of life issues. The invention also provides for methods of administering one or more compounds of the invention to a patient in an effective amount for the treatment or prophylaxis of a disease such as, for example, hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, fatty liver, or metabolic syndrome.

While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the compounds, extracts and compositions disclosed herein reduce lipid levels by increasing the hepatic expression of LDLR by increasing the stability of LDLR mRNA, by increasing LDLR gene transcription, by inhibiting the degradation of LDLR protein mediated through the proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), or all of the above potential cellular mechanisms. Increasing LDLR levels in the liver increases the uptake and processing of plasma LDL-c, resulting in reduced plasma levels of cholesterol, LDL-c, and triglycerides. In addition, the compounds may increase phosphorylation of acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) via the activation of AMP-activated protein likase (AMPK). Increased phosphorylation of ACC enhances fatty acid oxidation in the liver, leading to reduced hepatic TG accumulation and secretion of TG in the form of VLDL, which also contributes to the decreased plasma levels of TG, LDL-c, total cholesterol, and unesterified long chain fatty acids, resulting in the prevention or treatment of diseases related to hyperlipidemia.

Hence, in another aspect, the invention provides methods of increasing LDLR expression, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound, extract or composition as described herein, whereby LDLR expression in said subject is increased. In another aspect of the invention, there are provided methods of decreasing plasma LDL-cholesterol and/or plasma triglycerides, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound, extract or composition as described herein, whereby plasma LDL-cholesterol in said subject is decreased.

“Effective amount” refers to the amount of a compound, extract or composition required to produce a desired effect. One example of an effective amount includes amounts or dosages that yield acceptable toxicity and bioavailability levels for therapeutic (pharmaceutical) use including, but not limited to, the treatment or prophylaxis of hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, fatty liver, or metabolic syndrome. Another example of an effective amount includes amounts or dosages that are capable of preventing elevated plasma or hepatic cholesterol or triglycerides.

As used herein, a “subject” or “patient” is a mammal, such as a cat, dog, rodent or primate. Typically the subject is a human, and, preferably, a human suspected of having a disease associated with elevated plasma or hepatic cholesterol or triglycerides such as hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, fatty liver, or metabolic syndrome. Subjects may further include mammals with elevated LDL levels, elevated VLDL levels, or diseases aggravated or triggered by hyperlipidemia such as cardiovascular diseases, including, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, carotid artery disease, strokes, cerebral arteriosclerosis, myocardial infarction, cerebral infarction, restenosis following balloon angioplasty, intermittent claudication, high blood pressure, dyslipidemia post-prandial lipidemia and xanthoma. The term “subject” and “patient” can be used interchangeably.

In another aspect, the invention provides lipid lowering agents, including compounds, extracts and compositions thereof. The compounds, extracts and compositions may be used in the lipid lowering methods and treatments described herein. In one embodiment, the invention provides a compound of Formula I, a compound of Formula II, stereoisomers thereof, tautomers thereof, solvates thereof, and/or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,

For compounds of either Formula I or Formula II, R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, and R₆ are selected (independently, collectively, or in any combination) from H, halogen, hydroxy, C₁-C₆ alkyl, alkoxy, nitro, amino, aminoalkyl, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, cycloalkyl, alkanoyl, alkanoyloxy, nitrile, dialkylamino, alkenyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, aminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, haloalkyl, carboxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, carboxy, alkanoylamino, carbonylamino, carbamoyl, alkylsulfonylamino, and heterocyclo groups. Preferably, R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, and R₆ are not halogen when halogen would be covalently bonded to oxygen. In one aspect, the compounds of the invention can also comprise one or more halogens as substituents at any position of Formula I or Formula II. In some embodiments, compounds of Formula I have the 14R-(+) stereochemical configuration and compounds of Formula II have the 1R-(+) stereochemical configuration.

In another embodiment, there are provided a first group of compounds of Formula III and compounds of Formula IV, as well as stereoisomers thereof, tautomers thereof, solvates thereof, and pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In compounds of Formula III and IV,

R₁ and R₂ are independently —H, —(CH₂)₀₋₆COOR′, —C(O)R″, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heterocyclylalkyl group; or R₁ and R₂ together are a methylene group;

R₃ and R₈ are independently —H, —OH, —Cl, —Br, —F, —I, —CN, —NH₂, —C(O)NH₂, —COOH, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, or aralkyl group;

R₃′ is —H, or R₃ and R₃′ together are an oxo group;

R₄ is —H, halogen, —OR′, —OSO₂R″, —OC(O)R″, —OC(O)OR″, —OC(O)NR′R″, —O-alkylene-NR′R′, —O-alkylene-OSO₂R″, —O-alkylene-S(O)₀₋₂R″, —O-alkylene-NR′SO₂R″, —O-alkylene-N(R′)C(O)R′, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group;

R₅ and R₆ are independently —H, halogen, —OH, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group; or R₄ and R₅ together are a methylenedioxy group, or R₅ and R₆ together are a methylenedioxy group;

R₇ is —H, halogen, —OH, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or alkoxy group;

R₉ is —H or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group;

each R′ is independently a hydrogen, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heterocyclylalkyl group;

each R″ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heterocyclylalkyl group.

In some embodiments of the first group of compounds of Formula III and compounds of Formula IV,

R₁ and R₂ are independently —H, —(CH₂)₀₋₆COOR′, —C(O)R″, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heterocyclylalkyl group; or R₁ and R₂ together are a methylene group;

R₃ and R₈ are independently —H, —OH, —Cl, —Br, —F, —I, —CN, —NH₂, —C(O)NH₂, —COOH, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, or aralkyl group;

R₃′ is —H, or R₃ and R₃′ together are an oxo group;

R₄ is —H, —OR′, —OSO₂R″, —OC(O)R″, —OC(O)OR″, —OC(O)NR′R″, —O-alkylene-NR′R′, —O-alkylene-OSO₂R″, —O-alkylenelkylene-NR′SO₂R″, —O-alkylene-N(R′)C(O)R′, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group;

R₅ and R₆ are independently —H, halogen, —OH, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group; or R₄ and R₅ together are a methylenedioxy group, or R₅ and R₆ together are a methylenedioxy group;

R⁷ is —H, —Br, —Cl, or —F;

each R′ is independently a hydrogen, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heterocyclylalkyl group;

each R″ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heterocyclylalkyl group.

In other embodiments of the first group of compounds of Formula III and compounds of Formula IV,

R₁ and R₂ are independently —H, —(CH₂)₀₋₂COOR′, —C(O)(CH₂)₀₋₂R″, or a unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl group; or R₁ and R₂ together are a methylene group;

R₃ and R₃′ are each —H, or R₃ and R₃′ together are an oxo group;

R₄ is —H, —OH, or a substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₇₋₁₄ aralkoxy, —OC(O)—(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —OC(O)-(aryl), —OC(O)O-(aryl), —OC(O)—NH-(aryl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NH—(C₂₋₆ alkyl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NH-(tetrahydropyran), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NH-(thiomorpholine dioxide), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NH-(piperidinyl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NH-(piperazinyl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NH-(morpholinyl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NH-(aralkyl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NH-(cyclopropyl), —OSO₂—(C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl), —OSO₂— (aryl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-OSO₂— (aryl), —OSO₂— (aralkyl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-OSO₂— (heteroaryl), —OSO₂—(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —OSO₂— (pyridyl), —OSO₂— (thiazolyl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NHSO₂— (aryl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NHSO₂— (heteroaryl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NHC(O)-(aryl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NHC(O)-(heteroaryl), —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)pyridyl, —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)pyrimidinyl, —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)morpholinyl, —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)thiomorpholinyl, —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)imidazolyl, —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)thienyl, —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)tetrahydropyranyl, —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)tetrahydrofuranyl, —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)pyrrolidinyl, —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)piperidinyl, or —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)piperazinyl group;

R₅ and R₆ are independently —H, —OH, or an unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy group; or R₄ and R₅ together are a methylenedioxy group, or R₅ and R₆ together are a methylenedioxy group; and

R₈ is —H, —OH, —COOH, or an unsubstituted alkyl or —(CH₂)₁₋₆-phenyl group.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a second group of compounds of Formula III,

stereoisomers thereof, tautomers thereof, solvates thereof, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; wherein

R₁ and R₂ are independently —H, —(CH₂)₀₋₆COOR′, —C(O)R″, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heterocyclylalkyl group; or R₁ and R₂ together are a methylene group;

R₃ and R₈ are independently —H, —OH, —Cl, —Br, —F, —I, —CN, —NH₂, —C(O)NH₂, —COOH, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy or aralkyl group;

R₃′ is —H, or R₃ and R₃′ together are an oxo group;

R₄ is —H, halogen, —OR′, —OSO₂R″, —OC(O)R″, —OC(O)OR″, —OC(O)NR′R″, —O-alkylene-NR′R′, —O-alkylene-OSO₂R″, —O-alkylene-S(O)₀₋₂R″, —O-alkylene-NR′SO₂R″, —O-alkylene-N(R′)C(O)R′, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group;

R₅ and R₆ are independently —H, halogen, —OH, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group; or R₄ and R₅ together are a methylenedioxy group, or R₅ and R₆ together are a methylenedioxy group;

R₇ is —H, halogen, —OH, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or alkoxy group;

each R′ is independently a hydrogen, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heterocyclylalkyl group;

each R″ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heterocyclylalkyl group;

with the proviso that when R₄ is —H, —OH or a C₁₋₄ alkoxy group, then R₅ is not —H, —OH or a C₁₋₄ alkoxy group; and when R₁ and R₂ are both —CH₃ or when R₁ and R₂ together are a methylene group, then R₅ is not OH or a C₁₋₂ alkoxy group, and R₄ and R₅ together are not a methylenedioxy group; and when R₄ is OC(O)R″, then R₅ is not OC(O)R″ or methoxy.

In some embodiments of the first and second groups of compounds of Formula III (collectively, “compounds of Formula III) and the compounds of Formula IV, R₁ and R₂ are independently —H, —(CH₂)₀₋₂COOR′, —C(O)(CH₂)₀₋₂R″, or a unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl group; or R₁ and R₂ together are a methylene group. In other embodiments, R₁ and R₂ together are a methylene group.

In some embodiments of the compounds of Formula III and the compounds of Formula IV, R₃ and R₃′ are each —H, or R₃ and R₃′ together are an oxo group.

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula III and the compounds of Formula IV, R₄ is —H, —OR′, —OSO₂R″, —OC(O)OR″, —OC(O)NR′R″, —O-alkylene-OSO₂R″, or —O-alkylene-NR′R′. In other embodiments, R₄ is —H, —OH, or a substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₇₋₁₄ aralkoxy, —OC(O)—(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —OC(O)-(aryl), —OC(O)O-(aryl), —OC(O)—NH-(aryl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NH—(C₂₋₆ alkyl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NH-(tetrahydropyran), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NH-(thiomorpholine dioxide), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NH-(piperidinyl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NH-(piperazinyl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NH-(morpholinyl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NH-(aralkyl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NH-(cyclopropyl), —OSO₂—(C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl), —OSO₂-(aryl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-OSO₂— (aryl), —OSO₂— (aralkyl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-OSO₂— (heteroaryl), —OSO₂—(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —OSO₂— (pyridyl), —OSO₂— (thiazolyl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NHSO₂— (aryl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NHSO₂— (heteroaryl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NHC(O)-(aryl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NHC(O)-(heteroaryl), —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)pyridyl, —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)pyrimidinyl, —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)morpholinyl, —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)thiomorpholinyl, —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)imidazolyl, —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)thienyl, O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)tetrahydropyranyl, —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)tetrahydrofuranyl, —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)pyrrolidinyl, —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)piperidinyl, or —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)piperazinyl group.

In other embodiments of compounds of Formula III and compounds of Formula IV, R₅ is OH or unsubstituted alkoxy and R₆ is H.

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula III and compounds of Formula IV, R₈ is —H, —OH, —COOH, or an unsubstituted alkyl or —(CH₂)₁₋₆-phenyl group.

In certain embodiments of compounds of Formula III and compounds of Formula IV,

R₁ and R₂ are independently —H, —(CH₂)₀₋₂COOR′, —C(O)(CH₂)₀₋₂R″, or a unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl group; or R₁ and R₂ together are a methylene group;

R₃ and R₃′ are each —H, or R₃ and R₃′ together are an oxo group;

R₄ is —H, —OH, or a substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₇₋₁₄ aralkoxy, —OC(O)—(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —OC(O)-(aryl), —OC(O)O-(aryl), —OC(O)—NH-(aryl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NH—(C₂₋₆ alkyl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NH-(tetrahydropyran), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NH-(thiomorpholine dioxide), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NH-(piperidinyl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NH-(piperazinyl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NH-(morpholinyl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NH-(aralkyl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NH-(cyclopropyl), —OSO₂—(C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl), —OSO₂— (aryl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-OSO₂— (aryl), —OSO₂— (aralkyl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-OSO₂— (heteroaryl), —OSO₂—(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —OSO₂— (pyridyl), —OSO₂— (thiazolyl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NHSO₂— (aryl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NHSO₂— (heteroaryl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NHC(O)-(aryl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NHC(O)-(heteroaryl), —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)pyridyl, —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)pyrimidinyl, —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)morpholinyl, —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)thiomorpholinyl, —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)imidazolyl, —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)thienyl, —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)tetrahydropyranyl, —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)tetrahydrofuranyl, —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)pyrrolidinyl, —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)piperidinyl, or —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)piperazinyl group;

R₅ and R₆ are independently —H, —OH, or an unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy group; or R₄ and R₅ together are a methylenedioxy group, or R₅ and R₆ together are a methylenedioxy group; and

R₈ is —H, —OH, —COOH, or an unsubstituted alkyl or —(CH₂)₁₋₆-phenyl group.

In other embodiments of the compounds of Formula III and compounds of Formula IV,

R₁ and R₂ are independently —H, —CH₃, —CH₂COOH, —CH₂C(O)OCH₂CH₃, allyl, or R₁ and R₂ together are a methylene group;

R₃ and R₃′ are each —H, or R₃ and R₃′ together are an oxo group;

R₄ is —H, —OH, OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —O(CH₂)₂OH, —OCH₂COOH, —OCH₂COOCH₂CH₃, —O(CH₂)₂COOH, —O(CH₂)₂CH₂Br, —O-acetyl, —O-benzoyl, —O—(CH₂)₂—NH—(CH₂)₂—N(CH₃)₂, —O—(CH₂)₂—NH—(CH₂)₂—OCH₃, —O—(CH₂)₂—NH—(CH₂)₂—SCH₃, —O—(CH₂)₂—NH-morpholinyl, —O—(CH₂)₂—NH—(CH₂)₃—N(CH₃)₂, —O—(CH₂)₂—NH-benzyl, —O—(CH₂)₂—NH—(CH₂)₃-(thiomorpholine dioxide), —O—(CH₂)₂—NH—(CH₂)₃-morpholinyl, —O—(CH₂)₂—NH—(CH₂)₃-tetrahydropyranyl, —O-pyridyl optionally substituted with one or two substituents selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₄ alkyl, —NO₂, and NH₂, —O—(CH₂)₂—S-phenyl, —OSO₂-naphthyl optionally substituted with di(C₁₋₄ alkyl), —OSO₂—CF₃, —OSO₂-thiaolyl optionally substituted with acetamido, —O—(CH₂)₀₋₂SO₂-phenyl wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or two substituents selected from the group consisting of methyl, methoxy, fluoro, chloro, trifluoromethyl, and nitro, —OSO₂-cyclopentyl, —OSO₂-thienyl, —OSO₂-benzyl, —(CH₂)₂-cyclopropyl, —(CH₂)₂-morpholinyl, —(CH₂)₂-imidazolyl, —(CH₂)₂-pyrrolidinyl, or —(CH₂)₂-piperazinyl group, wherein the piperazinyl group is optionally substituted with methyl, isopropyl, or methoxyethyl;

R₅ and R₆ are independently —H, —OH, or —OCH₃; and

R₈ is —H, methyl, ethyl, —COOH, or benzyl.

While compounds of Formula III with either stereochemical configuration at position 14 exhibit lipid-lowering activity, the R-(+) stereochemical configuration is generally preferred. Thus, compounds of Formula III can be racemic at position 14 or can be a mixture of enantiomers having from 1% to 99% enantiomeric excess (e.e.) with respect to the to R-(+) stereochemical configuration. For example, the compound of Formula III may have at least 1%, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% e.e. Production and/or separation of either optical isomer of compounds of Formula III is within the skill in the art in view of the guidance provided herein.

Likewise, certain compounds of Formula IV having the R-(+) stereochemical configuration at position 1 may exhibit improved lipid-lowering activity compared to the opposite configuration at this position. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula IV is an equimolar mixture of stereoisomers at position 1. As the compound of Formula IV also has a stereocenter at position 9, two diastereomers having the R-(+) stereochemical configuration at position 1 are possible. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula IV has the (1R,9S) configuration. In other embodiments, the compound of Formula IV can be a mixture of diastereomers having from 1% to 99% diastereomeric excess (d.e.) with respect to the to R-(+) stereochemical configuration at position 1. For example, the compound of Formula IV may have at least 1%, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% d.e. with respect to position 1.

Compounds of Formulas I, II, III, and IV may be isolated from plants or prepared using the synthetic schemes described herein. Many such compounds may be made starting from natural products such as berberine. For example, Scheme 1 shows that berberine may be heated (e.g., 150-250° C.), preferably in a dry oven under reduced pressure, to selectively remove the position 19 (berberine numbering) methyl group and provide berberrubine.

The resulting hydroxyl group may be alkylated to provide product A. The alkylation may be carried out with a wide variety of alkylating agents R′X to provide various —OR′ wherein R′ is other than H such as alkyl, alkenyl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, and heterocyclylalkyl. X may be halides such as Cl, Br, or I, or X may be other leaving groups such as mesylate, trifluoromethanesulfunate, p-toluenesulfonate and the like. The alkylation may be carried out in a suitable solvent such as DMF, dichloromethane, chloroform or acetone by stirring or refluxing at a suitable temperature (e.g., ambient or with heating) until the desired product is formed. Optionally, a base is used in the alkylation such as inorganic base (alkali metal carbonates) or an organic base (pyridine, triethylamine).

In the third step, compound A may be reduced using any suitable reducing agent to give tetrahydroberberine compound B. Typically, borohydrides may be used as the reducing agent, such as sodium borohydride, sodium cyanoborohydride, or sodium triacetoxyborohydride. The reaction may be carried out in any suitable solvent or mixture of solvents (e.g., alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, aqueous solutions thereof, and solutions of AcOH) at a suitable temperature. It is within the skill in the art to select a suitable temperature and reaction time for the reduction. Alternatively, the reduction may be carried out prior to the alkylation reaction (scheme not shown) so long as alkylation of the ring nitrogen is avoided.

In a similar fashion, as shown in Scheme 2, berberrubine may be alkylated with a terminal dihaloalkane X—(CH₂)_(n)—X, (n=1-10) to allow for subsequent functionalization with an amine such as HNR′R″. The alkylation reaction to give compound C may be carried out in a suitable solvent such as DMF, dichloromethane, chloroform or acetone by stirring or refluxing at a suitable temperature until the reaction is complete. Amination of compound C with HNR′R″ (where R′ and R″ are as defined herein) to give compound D is optionally carried out in the presence of an inorganic base (alkali metal carbonates) or an organic base (pyridine, triethylamine) in a suitable solvent (e.g., DMF, dichloromethane or chloroform), and at a suitable temperature. Compound D is then reduced as described above to give compound E.

Similarly, as shown in Scheme 3, compound C in a suitable solvent may be reacted with various thiols (HSR″) to give compound F. As described for the amination of C above, the reaction is optionally carried out in the presence of an inorganic or organic base. Reduction as described herein provides the tetrahydroberberine derivative, compound G. The sulfone H may be prepared by exposing compound G to a mild oxidant such as peroxybenzoic acids (e.g., meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid).

Scheme 4 shows a method for preparing acylated derivatives of berberrubine. Compound 1 may be reduced as described herein to give a tetrahydroberberine compound J. In the second step, compound J may be acylated with an acyl halide (e.g., R″C(O)X, where R″ is as defined herein and X is a halide such as Cl or Br), a haloformate (e.g., R″OC(O)X), or an isocyanates (e.g., NC(O)R″) to provide, respectively, the corresponding amide, urethane or carbonate. The acylation is typically carried out in a suitable solvent in the presence of an inorganic base (alkali metal carbonates) or an organic base (pyridine, triethylamine). Upon completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture is cooled, and the product is optionally subjected to further separation and purification steps to give the target compound K. Likewise, R₄ sulfonyl groups may be installed by reaction of compound J with a sulfonyl halide, R″SO₂X, in the presence of an inorganic or organic base in a suitable solvent.

In another example of R₄ substituents, as shown in Scheme 5, berberrubine may be alkylated with a haloester (e.g., X(CH₂)nCOOR, where X is a halo or other leaving group and R is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or aralkyl group) in a suitable solvent such as acetone, methanol, ethanol or mixtures thereof to give compound M. The latter compound may be reduced as described herein to give the tetrahydroberberine derivative N. The ester group may then be removed by standard methods known in the art such alkaline or acid hydrolysis or, in the case of suitable aralkyl esters, by hydrogenolysis with a suitable catalyst (e.g. Pd/C, Pt/C, etc.). The compound O amide may be formed from the resulting acid by standard techniques such as reacting HNR′R″ in the presence of amide coupling reagents such as carbodiimides (e.g., DCC, EDC) in the presence of additives (HOBt, HOAt, DMAP), BOP, or by the formation of the corresponding acyl halide or mixed anhydride.

Compounds of Formulas I and III having various substituents at R₂ may be prepared by procedures analogous to those in schemes 1-4. Thus, for example, as shown in Scheme 6, corypalmine may be alkylated with R₂X, wherein R₂ is as defined herein and X can be a halo, sulfonyl or other leaving group under conditions described above. Similarly, the free hydroxyl in corypalmine may be acylated with an acyl halide in the presence of a base or a carboxylic acid in presence of, for example, a coupling agent such as EDC.HCl/DMAP to give the target compound L.

R₈ substituents may be installed at the 13-position of compounds of Formulas I and III as shown in Scheme 7. For example, an aqueous solution of berberine chloride may be reacted with acetone in presence of a suitable base such as alkali metal hydroxide to give the compound Q. The protected compound Q can subsequently be reacted with R₇X, wherein R₇ is as described herein and X is a halide, sulfonyl group or other leaving group. The reaction is conducted in a suitable solvent at a suitable temperature optionally in presence of an alkali metal halide such as potassium iodide to give compound R. Compound R is hydrogenated as described herein or with hydrogen using a suitable catalyst such as Pt/C to give the tetrahydroberberine compound S.

Compounds of Formulas I and III may be made by total synthesis as shown in Scheme 8. The phenylacetic acid P may be coupled to the phenethylamine Q using standard techniques for the formation of amide bonds such as the use of coupling reagents (e.g., EDC/HOBt, carbonyl diimidazole, etc.), via formation of the acyl halide or mixed anhydride of P. The resulting N-acyl β-arylethyl amine compound R may be subjected to a Bischler-Napieralski reaction in a suitable solvent such as benzene, toluene or xylene and in presence of a dehydrating agent such as POCl₃ to give the corresponding dihydroisoquinoline compound S. The latter compound may be reduced by any suitable method such as with sodium borohydride, sodium cyanoborohydride or the like to give compound T. Ring closure of compound T may be effected by reacting it with formaldehyde in a suitable solvent such as acetic acid to give the compound U, which is a compound of Formula I and III.

Alternatively, Scheme 9 shows another general synthetic route to compounds of Formulas I and III. Phenyl acetic acid derivative V may be exposed consecutively to phenylboronic acid, followed by paraformaldehyde. Both stages of the reaction are typically heated, and the reaction with paraformaldehyde may be carried out under pressure in, e.g., a stainless steel bomb. Suitable solvents for this reaction include aromatic solvents such as toluene. The resulting boronate is hydrolyzed with water to give compound W. The latter compound may be alkylated with a wide variety of electrophiles, R′X, as described herein (e.g., for A in Scheme 1). Subsequently the amide may be formed with a phenethylamine compound as shown to give compound X. Ring closure using POCl₃ in a suitable solvent, such as toluene, followed by reduction as described herein, gives compound Y, an exemplary compound of formulas I or III.

Compounds of Formulas II and IV may be prepared according to Scheme 10. Thus, the starting phenethylamine with R₁ and R₂ already in place may be made using standard techniques in the art. R₈ may be installed on the phenethylamine by reductive amination with an appropriate aldehyde (commercially available or prepared from the corresponding alcohol according to standard oxidation protocols). The starting carboxytetrahydroisobenzofuran may also be readily prepared using standard techniques. The phenethylamine and the arboxytetrahydroisobenzofuran may be coupled using amide coupling reagents or other standard techniques. Thus, for example, coupling may be effected in the presence of EDC/HOBt or carbonyl diimidazole among other coupling reagents.

Another general synthetic route to compounds of Formulas II and IV is shown in Scheme 11. Compound A can be prepared through Bischler-Napieralsky cyclization of the corresponding phenethylamine, and can subsequently be reacted with lactone in the presence of a strong base, such as LDA, to afford the precursor B. The latter compound may be converted to various compounds of Formulas II and IV by reduction of the lactone carbonyl or reaction with, e.g., Grignard reagents to install R₃ and R₃′.

Still other methods of preparing compounds of Formulas II and IV may be adapted from literature procedures as outlined in Scheme 12 and described in the following references: Jerome L. Moniot and Maurice Shamma, “Conversion of berberine into phthalideisoquinolines” J. Org. Chem., 1979, 44 (24), 4337-4342; Jerome L. Moniot, David M. Hindenlang, and Maurice Shamma, “Chemistry of 8,13-dioxoberbines” J. Org. Chem., 1979, 44(24), 4343-4346; Tatsuya Shono, Hiroshi Hamaguchi, Manji Sasaki, Shumei Fujita, and Kimihiko Nagami, “Novel zinc-promoted alkylation of iminium salts. New synthesis of benzylisoquinoline, phthalidylisoquinoline, and protoberberine alkaloids and related compounds” J. Org. Chem., 1983, 48(10), 1621-1628; R H Prager, J M Tippett and A D Ward, “Central nervous system active compounds. VIII. New syntheses of phthalide isoquinolines” Aust. J. Chem., 1981, 34(5), 1085-1093; SI Clarke, B Kasum, R H Prager and A D Ward, “Central nervous system active compounds. XIII. The use of aminomethylene phthalides in the synthesis of phthalideisoquinoline alkaloids” Aust. J. Chem., 1983, 36(12), 2493-2498; Nurani S. Narasimhan, Ravindra R. Joshi and (Mrs) Radhika S. Kusurkar, “An efficient synthesis of phthalideisoquinoline alkaloids” J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Comm., 1985, 3, 177-178; Yoshikazu Kondo, Jiro Imai and Shigeo Nozoe, Reaction of protoberberine-type alkaloids. Part 13. Biogenetic conversion of protoberberine alkaloids into phthalideisoquinoline alkaloids” J. Chem. Soc., Perkin. Trans. 1, 1980, 919-926; Tetsuji Kametani, Toshio Honda, Hitoshi Inoue, and Keiichiro Fukumoto, “A One Step Synthesis of the Phthalideisoquinoline Alkaloid Cordrastine” Heterocycl. 1975, 3(12), 1091-1098; K. W. Bentley and A. W. Murray, “Ketolaudanosine” J. Chem. Soc., 1963, 2487-2491.

For example, Scheme 13 shows how compound B may be prepared as reported in Aust. J. Chem. 1983, 36(12), 2493. Compound D, prepared from 3H-isobenzofuran-1-one (A) in two steps, can react with various alkylating and acylating agents in the presence of base to afford the intermediate B.

In another aspect, the invention provides plant extracts containing isoquinolinyl alkaloids having lipid-lowering activity. For example, extracts from a number of species of Corydalis are suitable for use in the methods described herein, including: ambigua, bulbosa, cava, chaerophylla, pallida, solida, thalictrifolia, tuberosa, and turtschaminowii Besser. In addition, extracts from species known in China as Corydalis yan hu suo and Corydalis Xiar R1 Wu may be used. Alkaloids that may be isolated from Corydalis for use in the present methods include (+)-corypalmine, 14R,13S-(+)-corydaline, 14R-(+)tetrahydropalmitine, (+)-corlumidine, (+)-bicuculline, and (+)-egenine. Such alkaloids may be isolated in partially or substantially pure form according to methods well known in the art. Further lipid lowering agents found among the Corydalis alkaloids and suitable for use include coptisine, isocorypalmine, (+)-corybulbine, (+)-thalictricavine, (+)-thalictrifoline, cavidine, and apocavidine.

Additional sources for the lipid lowering agents of the present invention are found in extracts of the following plants: Berberidaceae family, including Leontice leontopatalum (THP) and Mahonia aquifolium (corypalmine); Fumariaceae family, including F. vaillantii ((+)-stylopine); Menispermaceae family, including Legnephora moorii (dehydrocorydalmine) and Stephania glabra (Roxb.) (corydalmine, THP); Papaveraceae family, including Chelidonium majus L. (corysamine, stylopine), Hunnemannia fumariaefolia Sweet (corysamine), C. meifolia. (apocavidine, (+)-cavidine), and D. leptopodum (corysamine); Rannunculaceae family, including Coptis groenlandica (coptisine); Annonaceae family, including Guatteria discolor (corypalmine) and Pachypodanthium staudtii (corypalmine); Menispermaceae family, including Chasmanthera dependens (THP) and Fibraurea chloroleuca (THP); G. vitellinum (THP).

In another aspect, the instant invention provides pharmaceutical compositions and medicaments comprising any of the compounds or extracts disclosed herein (e.g., compounds of Formulas I, II, III, or IV) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or one or more excipients or fillers. In some embodiments, there are provided pharmaceutical compositions for treating a condition selected from the group consisting of hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hepatic steatosis, and metabolic syndrome. Such compositions include a lipid-lowering effective amount of compound of Formula III or Formula IV, as described herein. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is packaged in unit dosage form. The unit dosage form is effective in lowering lipid levels (e.g., at least one of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, and unesterified long chain fatty acids) in the bloodstream and/or in the liver when administered to a subject in need thereof.

The pharmaceutical compositions may be prepared by mixing one or more compounds of the invention, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, stereoisomers thereof, tautomers thereof, or solvates thereof, with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients, binders, diluents or the like to prevent and treat disorders associated with the effects of increased plasma and/or hepatic lipid levels. The compounds and compositions described herein may be used to prepare formulations and medicaments that prevent or treat a variety of disorders associated with increased plasma and/or hepatic lipid levels, e.g., hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hepatic steatosis, and metabolic syndrome. Such compositions can be in the form of, for example, granules, powders, tablets, capsules, syrup, suppositories, injections, emulsions, elixirs, suspensions or solutions. The instant compositions can be formulated for various routes of administration, for example, by oral, parenteral, topical, rectal, nasal, vaginal administration, or via implanted reservoir. Parenteral or systemic administration includes, but is not limited to, subcutaneous, intravenous, intraperitoneal, and intramuscular, injections. The following dosage forms are given by way of example and should not be construed as limiting the instant invention.

For oral, buccal, and sublingual administration, powders, suspensions, granules, tablets, pills, capsules, gelcaps, and caplets are acceptable as solid dosage forms. These can be prepared, for example, by mixing one or more compounds of the instant invention, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or tautomers thereof, with at least one additive such as a starch or other additive. Suitable additives are sucrose, lactose, cellulose sugar, mannitol, maltitol, dextran, starch, agar, alginates, chitins, chitosans, pectins, tragacanth gum, gum arabic, gelatins, collagens, casein, albumin, synthetic or semi-synthetic polymers or glycerides. Optionally, oral dosage forms can contain other ingredients to aid in administration, such as an inactive diluent, or lubricants such as magnesium stearate, or preservatives such as paraben or sorbic acid, or anti-oxidants such as ascorbic acid, tocopherol or cysteine, a disintegrating agent, binders, thickeners, buffers, sweeteners, flavoring agents or perfuming agents. Tablets and pills may be further treated with suitable coating materials known in the art.

Liquid dosage forms for oral administration may be in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, syrups, elixirs, suspensions, and solutions, which may contain an inactive diluent, such as water. Pharmaceutical formulations and medicaments may be prepared as liquid suspensions or solutions using a sterile liquid, such as, but not limited to, an oil, water, an alcohol, and combinations of these. Pharmaceutically suitable surfactants, suspending agents, emulsifying agents, may be added for oral or parenteral administration.

As noted above, suspensions may include oils. Such oils include, but are not limited to, peanut oil, sesame oil, cottonseed oil, corn oil and olive oil. Suspension preparation may also contain esters of fatty acids such as ethyl oleate, isopropyl myristate, fatty acid glycerides and acetylated fatty acid glycerides. Suspension formulations may include alcohols, such as, but not limited to, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, hexadecyl alcohol, glycerol and propylene glycol. Ethers, such as but not limited to, poly(ethyleneglycol), petroleum hydrocarbons such as mineral oil and petrolatum; and water may also be used in suspension formulations.

Injectable dosage forms generally include aqueous suspensions or oil suspensions which may be prepared using a suitable dispersant or wetting agent and a suspending agent. Injectable forms may be in solution phase or in the form of a suspension, which is prepared with a solvent or diluent. Acceptable solvents or vehicles include sterilized water, Ringer's solution, or an isotonic aqueous saline solution. Alternatively, sterile oils may be employed as solvents or suspending agents. Typically, the oil or fatty acid is non-volatile, including natural or synthetic oils, fatty acids, mono-, di- or tri-glycerides.

For injection, the pharmaceutical formulation and/or medicament may be a powder suitable for reconstitution with an appropriate solution as described above. Examples of these include, but are not limited to, freeze dried, rotary dried or spray dried powders, amorphous powders, granules, precipitates, or particulates. For injection, the formulations may optionally contain stabilizers, pH modifiers, surfactants, bioavailability modifiers and combinations of these.

Compounds of the invention may be administered to the lungs by inhalation through the nose or mouth. Suitable pharmaceutical formulations for inhalation include solutions, sprays, dry powders, or aerosols containing any appropriate solvents and optionally other compounds such as, but not limited to, stabilizers, antimicrobial agents, antioxidants, pH modifiers, surfactants, bioavailability modifiers and combinations of these. The carriers and stabilizers vary with the requirements of the particular compound, but typically include nonionic surfactants (Tweens, Pluronics, or polyethylene glycol), innocuous proteins like serum albumin, sorbitan esters, oleic acid, lecithin, amino acids such as glycine, buffers, salts, sugars or sugar alcohols. Aqueous and nonaqueous (e.g., in a fluorocarbon propellant) aerosols are typically used for delivery of inventive compounds by inhalation.

Dosage forms for the topical (including buccal and sublingual) or transdermal administration of compounds of the invention include powders, sprays, ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, solutions, and patches. The active component may be mixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier or excipient, and with any preservatives, or buffers, which may be required. Powders and sprays can be prepared, for example, with excipients such as lactose, talc, silicic acid, aluminum hydroxide, calcium silicates and polyamide powder, or mixtures of these substances. The ointments, pastes, creams and gels may also contain excipients such as animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof. Absorption enhancers can also be used to increase the flux of the inventive compound across the skin. The rate of such flux can be controlled by either providing a rate controlling membrane (e.g., as part of a transdermal patch) or dispersing the compound in a polymer matrix or gel.

Besides those representative dosage forms described above, pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and carriers are generally known to those skilled in the art and are thus included in the instant invention. Such excipients and carriers are described, for example, in “Remingtons Pharmaceutical Sciences” Mack Pub. Co., New Jersey (1991), which is incorporated herein by reference.

The formulations of the invention may be designed to be short-acting, fast-releasing, long-acting, and sustained-releasing as described below. Thus, the pharmaceutical formulations may also be formulated for controlled release or for slow release.

The instant compositions may also comprise, for example, micelles or liposomes, or some other encapsulated form, or may be administered in an extended release form to provide a prolonged storage and/or delivery effect. Therefore, the pharmaceutical formulations and medicaments may be compressed into pellets or cylinders and implanted intramuscularly or subcutaneously as depot injections or as implants such as stents. Such implants may employ known inert materials such as silicones and biodegradable polymers.

Specific dosages may be adjusted depending on conditions of disease, the age, body weight, general health conditions, sex, and diet of the subject, dose intervals, administration routes, excretion rate, and combinations of drugs. Any of the above dosage forms containing effective amounts are well within the bounds of routine experimentation and therefore, well within the scope of the instant invention.

Those skilled in the art are readily able to determine an effective amount by simply administering a compound of the invention to a patient in increasing amounts until the elevated plasma or hepatic cholesterol or triglycerides or progression of the disease state is decreased or stopped. The progression of the disease state can be assessed using in vivo imaging, as described, or by taking a tissue sample from a patient and observing the target of interest therein. The compounds of the invention can be administered to a patient at dosage levels in the range of about 0.1 to about 1,000 mg per day. For a normal human adult having a body weight of about 70 kg, a dosage in the range of about 0.01 to about 100 mg per kg of body weight per day is sufficient. The specific dosage used, however, can vary or may be adjusted as considered appropriate by those of ordinary skill in the art. For example, the dosage can depend on a number of factors including the requirements of the patient, the severity of the condition being treated and the pharmacological activity of the compound being used. The determination of optimum dosages for a particular patient is well known to those skilled in the art.

Various assays and model systems can be readily employed to determine the therapeutic effectiveness of antihyperlipidemia treatment according to the invention. For example, blood tests to measure total cholesterol as well as triglycerides, LDL and HDL levels are routinely given. Individuals with a total cholesterol level of greater than 200 mg/dL are considered borderline high risk for cardiovascular disease. Those with a total cholesterol level greater than 239 mg/dL are considered to be at high risk. An LDL level of less than 100 mg/dL is considered optimal. LDL levels between 130 to 159 mg/dL are borderline high risk. LDL levels between 160 to 189 mg/dL are at high risk for cardiovascular disease and those individuals with an LDL greater than 190 mg/dL are considered to be at very high risk for cardiovascular disease. Triglyceride levels of less than 150 mg/dL is considered normal. Levels between 150-199 mg/dL are borderline high and levels above 200 mg/dL are considered to put the individual at high risk for cardiovascular disease. Lipid levels can be determined by standard blood lipid profile tests. Effective amounts of the compositions of the invention will lower elevated lipid levels by at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 50% or greater reduction, up to a 75-90%, or 95% or greater. Effective amounts will also move the lipid profile of an individual towards the optimal category for each lipid, i.e., decrease LDL levels from 190 mg/dL to within 130 to 159 mg/dL or even further to below 100 mg/dL. Effective amounts may further decrease LDL or triglyceride levels by about 10 to about 70 mg/dL, by about 20 to about 50 mg/dL, by about 20 to about 30 mg/dL, or by about 10 to about 20 mg/dL.

A variety of hyperlipidemia classification systems are known to persons of skill in the art. One such classification system is the Frederickson classification, which is summarized in Table 1 below.

TABLE 1 Relative Elevated Elevated Plasma Plasma Frequency Phenotype Lipoproteins Lipid Levels TC TG (%)* I Chylomicrons TG N to ↑ ↑↑↑↑ <1 IIa LDL TC ↑↑ N 10 IIb LDL & TC, TG ↑↑ ↑↑↑ 40 VLDL III IDL TC, TG ↑↑ ↑↑ <1 IV VLDL TG, TC N to ↑ ↑↑ 45 V VLDL & TG, TC ↑to ↑↑ ↑↑↑↑ 5 chylomicron IDL, intermediate-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; N, normal; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; VLDL, very-low-density lipoprotein *Approximate % of patients in the United States with hyperlipidemia.

Individuals may also be evaluated using a hs-CRP (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein) blood test. Those with a hs-CRP result of less than 1.0 mg/L are at low risk for cardiovascular disease. Individuals with a hs-CRP result between about 1.0 to 3.0 mg/L are at average risk for cardiovascular disease. Those with a hs-CRP result greater than 3.0 mg/L are at high risk of cardiovascular disease. Effective amounts of the compositions of the present invention will lower hs-CRP results below 3.0 mg/L. Effective amounts of the compositions of the present invention can lower hs-CRP results by about 0.5 to about 3.0 mg/L, and further by about 0.5 to about 2.0 mg/L.

Effectiveness of the compositions and methods of the invention may also be demonstrated by a decrease in the symptoms of cardiovascular disease, edema, diabetes insipidus, hypertension, myocardial ischemia, congestive heart failure, arrhythmia, and hyperlipoproteinemia, the symptoms including shortness of breath, chest pain, leg pain, tiredness, confusion, vision changes, blood in urine, nosebleeds, irregular heartbeat, loss of balance or coordination, weakness, or vertigo.

For each of the indicated conditions described herein, test subjects will exhibit a 10%, 20%, 30%, 50% or greater reduction, up to a 75-90%, or 95% or greater, reduction, in one or more symptom(s) caused by, or associated with, hyperlipidemia, elevated cholesterol, elevated triglyceride, and/or a targeted cardiovascular disease or condition in the subject, compared to placebo-treated or other suitable control subjects.

The compounds of the invention can also be administered to a patient along with other conventional therapeutic agents that may be useful in the treatment or prophylaxis of hyperlipidemic diseases. In one aspect, a method is provided for administering an effective amount of one or more compounds of the invention to a patient suffering from or believed to be at risk of suffering from a disease characterized by elevated plasma or hepatic cholesterol or triglycerides. Moreover, the invention relates to treating a hyperlipidemic disease by administering an effective amount of one or more compounds to a patient in need thereof. The methods of the invention can also comprise administering, either sequentially or in combination with one or more compounds of the invention, a conventional therapeutic agent in an amount that can potentially or synergistically be effective for the treatment or prophylaxis of a hyperlipidemic disease. Exemplary therapeutic agents for use in combination therapies with one or more compounds of the invention include, but are not limited to, anti-inflammatory drugs, therapeutic antibodies and cholesterol lowering drugs such as, for example, statins.

In one aspect, a compound of the invention is administered to a patient in an amount or dosage suitable for therapeutic use. Generally, a unit dosage comprising a compound of the invention will vary depending on patient considerations. Such considerations include, for example, age, protocol, condition, sex, extent of disease, contraindications, concomitant therapies and the like. An exemplary unit dosage based on these considerations can also be adjusted or modified by a physician skilled in the art. For example, a unit dosage for a patient comprising a compound of the invention can vary from 1×10⁻⁴ g/kg to 1 g/kg, preferably, 1×10⁻³ g/kg to 1.0 g/kg. Dosage of a compound of the invention can also vary from 0.01 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg or, preferably, from 0.1 mg/kg to 10 mg/kg.

Useful adjunctive therapeutic agents in combinatorial formulations and coordinate treatment methods include, for example, antihyperlipidemic agents; antidyslipidemic agents; antidiabetic agents, including, but not limited to metformin, rosiglitazone, plasma HDL-raising agents, including, but not limited to, nicotinic acid, fibrates; antihypercholesterolemic agents, including, but not limited to, cholesterol-uptake inhibitors; cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitors, e.g., HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (also referred to as statins, such as lovastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin, fluvastatin, rosuvastatin, pitavastatin, and atorvastatin); HMG-CoA synthase inhibitors; squalene epoxidase inhibitors or squalene synthetase inhibitors (also known as squalene synthase inhibitors); microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) inhibitor; acyl-coenzyme A cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitors, including, but not limited to, melinamide; probucol; nicotinic acid and the salts thereof; niacinamide; cholesterol absorption inhibitors, including, but not limited to, beta-sitosterol or ezetimibe; bile acid sequestrant anion exchange resins, including, but not limited to cholestyramine, colestipol, colesevelam or dialkylaminoalkyl derivatives of a cross-linked dextran; LDL receptor inducers; fibrates, including, but not limited to, clofibrate, bezafibrate, fenofibrate and gemfibrozil; vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, such as the HCl salt; vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin); vitamin B3 (nicotinic acid and niacinamide); anti-oxidant vitamins, including, but not limited to, vitamin C and E and beta carotene; beta blockers; angiotensin II receptor (AT₁) antagonist; angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, renin inhibitors; platelet aggregation inhibitors, including, but not limited to, fibrinogen receptor antagonists, i.e., glycoprotein Ib/IIIa fibrinogen receptor antagonists; hormones, including but not limited to, estrogen; insulin; ion exchange resins; omega-3 oils; benfluorex; ethyl icosapentate; and amlodipine. Adjunctive therapies may also include increase in exercise, surgery, and changes in diet (e.g., to a low cholesterol diet). Some herbal remedies may also be employed effectively in combinatorial formulations and coordinate therapies for treating hyperlipidemia, for example curcumin, gugulipid, garlic, soy, soluble fiber, fish oil, green tea, carnitine, chromium, coenzyme Q10, grape seed extract, pantothine, red yeast rice, and royal jelly.

Berberine and related compounds also can be employed as second therapeutic agents together with the Corydalis lipid lowering agents of the invention. For example, berberine sulfate, berberine hydrochloride, berberine chloride, oxyberberine, dihydroberberine, 8-cyanodihydroberberine, tetrahydroberberine N-oxide, tetrahydroberberine, 6-protoberberine, 9-ethoxycarbonyl berberine, 9-N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl berberine and 12-bromo berberine, berberine azide, and berberine betaine can be used. Berberine compounds that are effective in raising the expression level of LDLR are described in US 2006/0223838, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Another class of compounds that can be used as second therapeutic agents together with the Corydalis lipid lowering agents of the invention is the SCAP antagonists. These compounds bind to SREBP-cleavage activating protein and prevent its physical interaction with SREBP, resulting in activation of the LDLR promoter and increased expression of LDLR. Suitable compounds are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,673,555 (which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).

In some embodiments a Corydalis lipid lowering agent is combined with one or more sterol 14-reductase inhibitors as second agents. Such inhibitors will reduce the synthesis of cholesterol in the liver, and consequently contribute to the reduction of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol. A series of suitable 14-reductase inhibitors based on Corydalis alkaloids is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,255,317 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,239,139, both of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety. It is noteworthy that the Corydalis alkaloids which function as 14-reductase inhibitors differ from the Corydalis lipid lowering agents of the present invention in having a double bond at the 13-14 position. In some embodiments of the present invention, however, the additional effect of inhibiting cholesterol synthesis may be undesired. In such cases, 14-reductase inhibitors, particularly those Corydalis alkaloids having a double bond at the 13-14 position, are specifically excluded from use with a Corydalis lipid lowering agent of the present invention.

A compound of the invention can bind to one or more targets of interest with a dissociation constant (for example, an equilibrium dissociation constant, K_(d)) from, for example, about 0.0001 to 10 μM (or from 0.0001 to 7 μM, 0.0001 to 5 μM, 0.0001 to 1 μM, 0.001 to 5 μM, 0.01 to 5 μM and/or 0.1 to 5 μM) as measured by any suitable techniques routine to those of ordinary skill in the art. The invention contemplates measurement of a dissociation constant (for example, K_(d) and K_(i)) or performing competition, saturation and kinetics experiments by conventional techniques routine to one of ordinary skill in the art. Moreover, a compound of the invention can compete with a reference compound for binding to and/or with targets of interest with a dissociation constant of inhibition (for example, K_(i)) from, for example, about 0.01 nM to >10,000 nM (or from 0.001 to 7,000 nM, 0.001 to 5,000 nM, 0.001 to 1,000 nM, 0.01 to 5,000 nM, 0.01 to 2,000 nM and/or 0.1 to 5,000 nM).

A compound or probe of the invention can bind to one or more targets of interest with a dissociation constant (for example, an equilibrium dissociation constant, K_(d)) from, for example, about 0.0001 to 10 μM as measured by binding to a synthetic peptide or tissue associated with a target of interest. The invention contemplates measurement of a dissociation constant (for example, K_(d) and K_(i)) or performing competition, saturation and kinetics experiments by conventional techniques routine to one of ordinary skill in the art. Moreover, a compound or probe of the invention can compete with a reference compound for binding to a target of interest with a dissociation constant of inhibition (for example, K_(i)) from, for example, about 0.01 nM to >10,000 nM.

In one aspect, binding, interaction or association with can mean the contact between a compound (or analogs, salts, pharmaceutical compositions, derivatives, metabolites, prodrugs or racemic, tautomers mixtures thereof) and a target of interest with a binding affinity of at least 10⁻⁶ M, preferably, at least about 10⁻⁷ M, and more preferably 10⁻⁸ M to 10⁻⁹ M, 10⁻¹⁰ M, 10⁻¹¹ M, or 10⁻¹² M. In one aspect, binding affinities include those with a dissociation constant or K_(d) less than, but not limited to, 5×10⁻⁶ M, 10⁻⁶ M, 5×10⁻⁷ M, 10⁻⁷ M, 5×10⁻⁸ M, 10⁻⁸ M, 5×10⁻⁹ M, 10⁻⁹ M, 5×10⁻¹⁰ M, 10⁻¹⁰ M, 5×10⁻¹¹ M, 10⁻¹¹ M, 5×10⁻¹² M, 10⁻¹² M, 5×10⁻¹³M, 10−13 M, 5×10⁻¹⁴ M, 10⁻¹⁴ M, 5×10⁻¹⁵ M, and 10⁻¹⁵ M.

A compound of the invention can also be modified, for example, by the covalent attachment of an organic moiety or conjugate to improve pharmacokinetic properties, toxicity or bioavailability (e.g., increased in vivo half-life). The conjugate can be a linear or branched hydrophilic polymeric group, fatty acid group or fatty acid ester group. A polymeric group can comprise a molecular weight that can be adjusted by one of ordinary skill in the art to improve, for example, pharmacokinetic properties, toxicity or bioavailability. Exemplary conjugates can include a polyalkane glycol (e.g., polyethylene glycol (PEG), polypropylene glycol (PPG)), carbohydrate polymer, amino acid polymer or polyvinyl pyrolidone and a fatty acid or fatty acid ester group, each of which can independently comprise from about eight to about seventy carbon atoms. Conjugates for use with a compound of the invention can also serve as linkers to, for example, any suitable substituents or groups, radiolabels (marker or tags), halogens, proteins, enzymes, polypeptides, other therapeutic agents (for example, a pharmaceutical or drug), nucleosides, dyes, oligonucleotides, lipids, phospholipids and/or liposomes. In one aspect, conjugates can include polyethylene amine (PEI), polyglycine, hybrids of PEI and polyglycine, polyethylene glycol (PEG) or methoxypolyethylene glycol (mPEG). A conjugate can also link a compound of the invention to, for example, a label (fluorescent or luminescent) or marker (radionuclide, radioisotope and/or isotope) to comprise a probe of the invention. Conjugates for use with a compound of the invention can, in one aspect, improve in vivo half-life. Other exemplary conjugates for use with a compound of the invention as well as applications thereof and related techniques include those generally described by U.S. Pat. No. 5,672,662, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein.

In another aspect, the invention provides methods of identifying a target of interest including contacting the target of interest with a detectable or imaging effective quantity of a labeled compound of the invention. A detectable or imaging effective quantity is a quantity of a labeled compound of the invention necessary to be detected by the detection method chosen. For example, a detectable quantity can be an administered amount sufficient to enable detection of binding of the labeled compound to a target of interest including, but not limited to, one or more cellular proteins. Suitable labels are known by those skilled in the art and can include, for example, radioisotopes, radionuclides, isotopes, fluorescent groups, biotin (in conjunction with streptavidin complexation), and chemoluminescent groups. Upon binding of the labeled compound to the target of interest, the target may be isolated, purified and further characterized such as by determining the amino acid sequence.

The terms “associated” and/or “binding” can mean a chemical or physical interaction, for example, between a compound of the invention and a target of interest. Examples of associations or interactions include covalent bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophilic-hydrophilic interactions, hydrophobic-hydrophobic interactions and complexes. Associated can also refer generally to “binding” or “affinity” as each can be used to describe various chemical or physical interactions. Measuring binding or affinity is also routine to those skilled in the art. For example, compounds of the invention can bind to or interact with a target of interest or precursors, portions, fragments and peptides thereof and/or their deposits.

The examples herein are provided to illustrate advantages of the present invention and to further assist a person of ordinary skill in the art with preparing or using the compounds of the invention or salts, pharmaceutical compositions, derivatives, metabolites, prodrugs, racemic mixtures or tautomeric forms thereof. The examples herein are also presented in order to more fully illustrate the preferred aspects of the invention. The examples should in no way be construed as limiting the scope of the invention, as defined by the appended claims. The examples can include or incorporate any of the variations, aspects or aspects of the invention described above. The variations, aspects or aspects described above may also further each include or incorporate the variations of any or all other variations, aspects or aspects of the invention.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Isolation and Purification of 13S,14R-Corydaline

All chemicals were purchased from the Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Company (Milwaukee, Wis.). Solvents were purchased from VWR International (Brisbane, Calif.) and were all of HPLC purity standard or higher. Proton and ¹³C NMR spectra were performed on a 300 MHz Bruker AC-300 plus NMR spectrometer with a TCPLink PC upgrade (INAC Computer, GmbH, Malsch, Germany). The NMR solvent was CDCl₃ unless otherwise specified. HPLC was performed using Waters 600 pumps and controller with a Waters 996 photodiode array detector. Solvent A was 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid in water. Solvent B was 0.04% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile. The gradient was 0 to 100% B over 30 minutes, 2 mL/min. flow rate. The column was a C-18 reverse phase Vydac 254TP18 column of 25×0.46 cm. Flash chromatography was performed on a Teledyne Isco (Lincoln, Nebr.) CombiFlash Companion automated workstation. FT-IR spectra were obtained on a Perkin-Elmer FT-1600 spectrophotometer, and melting points were determined on a Cole Palmer Kofler block melting point apparatus. X-ray crystallography for absolute configuration was performed at the Center for Chemical Characterization and Analysis, Texas A&M University (College Stations, Tex.).

It was determined by thin layer chromatography (1:1 hexane/ethyl acetate on normal phase silica plates then stained with iodine) that crude corydaline purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation was in fact, a mixture of mainly corydaline (R_(f)=0.7) and a small amount of an unknown impurity (R_(f)=0.3) (see FIG. 5). Crude corydaline (250 mg) was then subjected to normal phase preparative flash chromatography. The crude material was loaded onto a 12 g Isco pre-packed silica column, eluted with 1:1 hexane/ethyl acetate, and 20 mL fractions were collected. Fractions 14 to 16 were pooled and collected. Removal of the eluting solvent in vacuo, afforded an off-white powder (100 mg), which was recrystallized from ethyl acetate I hexane to give 13S,14R-corydaline as off-white needles (m.p. 135 to 137° C.). This material was shown to be greater than 99% pure by reverse-phase HPLC (see FIG. 4). The proton NMR, ¹³C NMR, and mass spectra of this material were consistent with the structure of corydaline, and X-ray crystallography demonstrated that the absolute stereochemistry of this material was in fact 13S,14R-corydaline (see Example 5).

Example 2 Isolation and Purification of 14R-Tetrahydropalmatine (14R-THP)

From the silica column of Example 1, the later eluting fractions 22 to 26 containing the unknown impurity were pooled and collected. The solvent was removed in vacuo to afford 3 mg of a yellow powder. This was recrystallized from ethyl acetate/hexane to afford yellow crystals of 14R-tetrahydropalmatine (2 mg). This material was shown to be greater than 95% pure by reverse-phase HPLC. The proton NMR spectrum of this material showed that it was tetrahydropalmatine (THP), and X-ray crystallography demonstrated that the absolute stereochemistry was 14R-THP (see Example 6).

Example 3 Synthesis of 14R-Tetrahydropalmatine (THP) from Berberine (BBR)

14R-THP was prepared from BBR in four steps (see scheme below) starting by treating BBR with boron trichloride in methylene chloride. This deprotected only the methylene bridged catechol leaving the methoxy groups untouched. Methylation with methyl iodide and potassium carbonate in dry acetone then afforded the tetra-O-OMe compound that was subsequently subjected to asymmetric hydrogenation with a suitable asymmetric hydrogenation catalyst to afford 14R-THP. The S-enantiomer may be similarly obtained. In addition, acid addition salts of 14R-THP may be prepared by exposure to acid during the hydrogenation or afterwards as a separate step.

Exemplary catalysts that can be used for the synthesis are generally described by: Bunlaksananusorn, T., Polbom, K., Knochel, P., “New P,N ligands for asymmetric Ir-catalyzed reactions,” Angew. Chemie, Intl. Ed. (2003), 42(33), 941-3943; Lu, S.-M., Han, X.-W., Zhou, Y.-G., “Asymmetric hydrogenation of quinolines catalyzed by iridium with chiral ferrocenyloxazoline derived N,P ligands,” Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis (2004), 346(8), 909-912; Lu, S.-M., Wang, Y.-Q., Han, X.-W., Zhou, Y.-G., “Asymmetric hydrogenation of quinolines and isoquinolines activated by chloroformates,” Angew. Chemie, Intl. Ed. (2006), 45(14), 2260-2263; Wang, D.-W., Zeng, W.; Zhou, Y.-G., “Iridium-catalyzed asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of quinolines with Hantzsch esters,” Tetrahedron: Asymmetry (2007), 18(9), 1103-1107; Xu Lijin; Lam Kim Hung; Ji Jianxin; Wu Jing; Fan Qing-Hua; Lo Wai-Hung; Chan Albert S C “Air-stable Ir—(P-Phos) complex for highly enantioselective hydrogenation of quinolines and their immobilization in poly(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether (DMPEG),” Chem. Comm. (Cambridge, England) (2005), (11), 1390-2; and Wang, Y., Weissensteiner, W., Spindler, F., Arion, V. B., and Mereiter, K., “Synthesis and Use in Asymmetric Hydrogenations of Solely Planar Chiral 1,2-Disubstituted and 1,2,3-Trisubstituted Ferrocenyl Diphosphines: A Comparative Study,” Organometallics, 2007, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

Example 4 Specific Rotation of Corydalis Compounds

The specific rotations of several substantially pure Corydalis compounds were determined by dissolving the compounds in ethanol and measuring their specific rotations using a Perkin-Elmer 241 Polarimeter. The results are shown in Table 2 below.

TABLE 2 Chemical Name Specific Rotation MS: m/z (M⁺ + 1)* (+)-CLMD +21 370.1 14R,13S-(+)-CRDL +312 370 14R-(+)-THP +294 356 14S-(−)-THP −256 356 (+)-CRPM +345 342.2

Example 5 X-Ray Diffraction of 14R,13S-Corydaline

Crystalline 14R,13S-corydaline prepared as in Example 1 was examined by X-ray diffraction as follows.

Data Collection. A Leica MZ7 polarizing microscope was used to identify a suitable specimen from a representative sampling of materials. The chosen sample was then fixed to a nylon loop which in turn was mounted to a copper mounting pin. The mounted powder was then placed in a cold nitrogen stream (Oxford) maintained at 110K.

A BRUKER D8 GADDS general purpose three-circle X-ray diffractometer was employed for sample screening and data collection. The goniometer was controlled using the GADDS software suite (Microsoft Win 2000 operating system). The sample was optically centered with the aid of a video camera such that no translations were observed as the crystal was rotated through all positions. The detector was set at 5.0 cm from the crystal sample (MWPC Hi-Star Detector, 512×512 pixel). The X-ray radiation employed was generated from a Cu sealed X-ray tube (K_(α)=1.54184 Å with a potential of 40 kV and a current of 40 mA) and filtered with a graphite monochromator in the parallel mode (175 mm collimator with 0.5 mm pinholes).

A rotation exposure was taken to determine crystal quality and the X-ray beam intersection with the detector. The beam intersection coordinates were compared to the configured coordinates and changes were made accordingly. The rotation exposure indicated acceptable crystal quality and the unit cell determination was undertaken. Sixty data frames were taken at widths of 0.5° with an exposure time of 10 seconds. Over 200 reflections were centered and their positions were determined. These reflections were used in the auto-indexing procedure to determine the unit cell. A suitable cell was found and refined by nonlinear least squares and Bravais lattice procedures and reported here in Tables 3 (14R,13S-corydaline) and 4 (14R-tetrahydropalmitine). The unit cell was verified by examination of the hkl overlays on several frames of data, including zone photographs. No super-cell or erroneous reflections were observed.

After careful examination of the unit cell, a standard data collection procedure was initiated. This procedure consists of collection of one hemisphere of data collected using omega scans, involving the collection over 9000 0.5° frames at fixed angles for φ, 2θ, and χ (2θ=−28°, χ=54.73°, 2θ=−90°, χ=54.73°), while varying omega. Addition data frames were collected to complete the data set and collect Fiedel pairs. Each frame was exposed for 10 sec. The total data collection was performed for duration of approximately 24 hours at 110 K. No significant intensity fluctuations of equivalent reflections were observed.

After data collection, the crystal was measured carefully for size, morphology and color. Findings are reported in Table 3 and the structure is shown in FIG. 1.

TABLE 3 Crystal data and structure refinement for 14R,13S-Corydaline Empirical formula C22H27NO4 Formula weight 369.45 Temperature 110(2) K Wavelength 1.54178 Å Crystal system Monoclinic Space group P2(1) Unit cell dimensions a = 8.9648(5) Å α = 90°. b = 7.2517(4) Å β = 92.903(4)°. c = 14.9471(7) Å γ = 90°. Volume 970.46(9) Å³ Z 2 Density (calculated) 1.264 Mg/m³ Absorption coefficient 0.697 mm⁻¹ F(000) 396 Crystal size 0.10 × 0.05 × 0.05 mm³ Theta range for data collection 2.96 to 59.96°. Index ranges −10 <= h <= 9, −8 <= k <= 8, −16 <= 1 <= 16 Reflections collected 11406 Independent reflections 11406 [R(int) = 0.0000] Completeness to theta = 59.96° 99.5% Absorption correction Semi-empirical from equivalents Max and min. transmission 0.9660 and 0.9335 Refinement method Full-matrix least-squares on F² Data/restraints/parameters 11406/1/245 Goodness-of-fit on F² 1.032 Final R indices [I > 2sigma(I)] R1 = 0.0397, wR2 = 0.0983 R indices (all data) R1 = 0.0412, wR2 = 0.1097 Absolute structure parameter 0.032(75) Extinction coefficient 0.0331(9) Largest diff. peak and hole 0.365 and −0.455 e · Å⁻³

Example 6 X-Ray Diffraction of 14R-Tetrahydropalmatine

Crystalline 14R-tetrahydropalmatine prepared as in Example 2 was examined by X-ray diffraction by the procedure of Example 5. Findings are presented in Table 4 and the structure is shown in FIG. 2.

TABLE 4 Crystal data and structure refinement for 14R-Tetrahydropalmitine Empirical formula C21H25NO4 Formula weight 355.42 Temperature 110(2) K Wavelength 1.54178 Å Crystal system Monoclinic Space group P2(1) Unit cell dimensions a = 15.1499(8) Å α = 90°. b = 7.8440(4) Å β = 98.770(3)°. c = 15.3853(8) Å γ = 90°. Volume 1806.95(16) Å³ Z 4 Density (calculated) 1.306 Mg/m³ Absorption coefficient 0.729 mm⁻¹ F(000) 760 Crystal size 0.10 × 0.10 × 0.01 mm³ Theta range for data collection 2.91 to 59.97°. Index ranges −16 <= h <= 17, −8 <= k <= 8, −17 <= 1 <= 17 Reflections collected 13614 Independent reflections 13614 [R(int) = 0.0000] Completeness to theta = 59.97° 99.8% Absorption correction Semi-empirical from equivalents Max and min. transmission 0.9927 and 0.9307 Refinement method Full-matrix least-squares on F² Data/restraints/parameters 13614/1/477 Goodness-of-fit on F² 1.099 Final R indices [I > 2sigma(I)] R1 = 0.0430, wR2 = 0.0984 R indices (all data) R1 = 0.0627, wR2 = 0.1282 Absolute structure parameter 0.00(13) Largest diff. peak and hole 0.201 and −0.183 e · Å⁻³

Example 7 Synthesis, Extraction and/or Plant Sources

Exemplary syntheses and identification related to isolation of a compound of the invention are also generally described by Boudou et al., J. Org. Chem., 70, 9486-94 (2005), and Shaath et al., J. Org. Chem., 40, 1987-88 (1975), each of which are incorporated by reference herein.

Example 8 Design and Synthesis of Compounds

1. Preparation of Berberrubine from Berberine.

Berberine (1.0 g, 2.68 mmol) was heated at 190° in a dry oven under vacuum for 30 minutes. The crude product was recrystallized from EtOH to give berberrubine (0.6 g, yield 60%, confirmed by ¹HNMR).

2. Preparation of Compound I1 from Berberrubine.

A suspension of berberrubine chloride (0.2 g, 0.5 mmol) and 1,3-dibromopropane (0.58 g, 2.8 mmol) in dry DMF was heat at 60°. The suspension was cooled to room temperature and ethyl ether was added. The precipitate was collected by filtration, rinsed with ethyl ether and dried under vacuum to give compound I1 as yellow solid (confirmed by ¹H NMR). The reaction was rerun on 0.5 g scale (berberrubine), giving 0.55 g of crude compound I1 (yield 82%).

3. Preparation of Compound 67 from Corypalmine

D-Biotin (105 mg, 0.43 mmol), EDC HCl (125 mg, 0.65 mmol) and DMAP (19 mg, 0.16 mmol) were dissolved together in a flask with a minimum volume of DMF (4.5 mL). Then corypalmine (25 mg, 0.073 mmol) was dissolved in this solution. After stirring for 3 hours, 0.5 mL sample of the reaction solution was taken out for testing. The sample was added to 10 mL H₂O and extracted with 10 mL EtOAc. The organic layer was dried with MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The product was subjected to LC-MS. The LC-MS information suggested formation of compound 67. The remaining reaction mixture was stirred overnight. The reaction mixture was subsequently extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was dried with MgSO₄ and evaporated in vacuo. The yellow residue was isolated by preparative TLC to afford compound 67. Preparative HPLC was used to purify compound, 67. The purified product was confirmed by MS and HPLC to confirm the structure and the purity (92.1% and 93.1%).

4. Preparation of Compound I2 from Corypalmine.

Corypalmine (0.068 g, 0.2 mmol) was added to 20 mL acetone and 5 mL ethanol. The suspension was refluxed for 1 hour to dissolve the starting material. Then 0.068 mg K₂CO₃ was added and the suspension was refluxed for 1 hour. Ethyl 2-bromoacetate (0.0244 mL, 0.22 mmol) was dissolved in 1 mL acetone and added into the reaction suspension in portions over 30 minutes. The resulting suspension was refluxed for 2 hours. The reaction was monitored by LC-MS. Part of the product was purified by preparative TLC.

5. Preparation of Compound 68 from Compound I2.

Compound I2, prepared according to procedure 4 was used without purification, and saponified with NaOH to prepare compound 68. This reaction was monitored by LC-MS. After standard workup.

6. Preparation for Compound I3 from Berberrubine.

Berberrubine (60 mg, 0.1 mmol) was added to 7 mL hot MeOH and stirred for 15 minutes at 60° C. Then NaBH₄ (8 mg, 0.21 mmol) was added to the mixture and the mixture was stirred at 60° for 15 minutes. Five mL H₂O was added to the solution to quench the reaction. The product 13 was extracted from the solution with CHCl₃ (10 mL×3). 10 mg grey solid was obtained, yield 20%. The isolated material gave the expected peak in MS and confirmed the structure. HPLC analysis suggested the purity was satisfactory for use without further purification.

7. Preparation for Compound 74 from Compound I1

Compound I1 (80 mg, 0.168 mmol) was dissolved in CH₃OH (5 mL) in a 25 mL flask at rt. The color of the solution was dark red. Sodium borohydride (8 mg, 0.210 mmol) was added to this flask. The reaction solution became light yellow soon thereafter. The reaction was maintained at rf for 2 hours. Then H₂O (20 mL) was added to the solution to quench the reaction.

The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure to remove all of the CH₃OH. Then 30 mL water were added to the residue and the solution was extracted with chloroform 3 times. The combined organic extracts were dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. 40 mg product was obtained as yellow oil. (yield: 54.4%). The MS analysis confirmed the structure of compound 74. The HPLC analysis suggested the purity was 86%.

8. Preparation for Compound 77 from 14R-(+)-THP.

14R-(+)-THP (250 mg, 0.70 mmol) was added to 15 mL 47% HBr and stirred overnight at 100° C. Then the solution was cooled to room temperature, and the product was filtered off to give compound 77 as the hydrobromide salt.

9. Preparation for Compound 78 from 14R,13S-(+)-CDRL.

14R,13S-CDRL (200 mg, 0.54 mmol) was added to 10 mL 47% HBr and stirred overnight at 100° C. Then the solution was cooled to rt, and the product was filtered off to give compound 78 as the hydrobromide salt.

10. Preparation for Compound 79 from Berberrubine.

Berberrubine (248 mg, 0.693 mmol) was added to 5 mL CHCl₃ in a flask. The mixture was stirred and refluxed. Then benzenesulfonyl chloride (760 mg, 4.30 mmol) and pyridine (0.1 mL) were slowly added in. The reaction mixture was stirred at the same temperature for 2 hours, and subsequently cooled down to room temperature. The mixture was filtered to afford a yellow solid. The solid was washed with CHCl₃ 3 times and dried under vacuum to provide the final product, compound 79, (yellow solid, 204 mg). Compound 79 was used directly for the next step without purification.

11. Preparation for Compound 69 from Compound 79.

Compound 79 (132 mg, 0.265 mmol) was added in a flask with methanol (5 mL). Then the reaction mixture was heated to reflux to dissolve the starting material. Then NaBH₄ (42 mg, 1.11 mmol) was added slowly to the flask. The reaction mixture was stirred at the same temperature for 1 hour. Then it was cooled down to room temperature and then cooled in refrigerator for 4 hours. The mixture was filtered to afford light yellow crystals. The crystals were washed with H₂O 3 times and then dried under vacuum to provide the final product compound 69 (light yellow solid, 28.7 mg). NMR & MS analyses were consistent with the structure of compound 69.

Analogs of compound 69 may be readily made using commercially available substituted phenyl sulfonyl chlorides.

12. Preparation for Compound 80 from Berberrubine.

Berberrubine (0.5 g, 1.4 mmol) was dissolved in 40 mL CHCl₃ by refluxing. After stirring for about 30 minutes, the methanesulfonyl chloride (0.33 mL, 4.2 mmol) was added to the solution dropwise over 30 seconds. 10 minutes later, yellow solid appeared. The suspension was refluxed for 3 hours. After cooling, the suspension was filtered to provide a yellow solid. This intermediate (compound 80) was used directly for the next step without purification.

13. Preparation for Compound 71 from Compound 80.

Compound 80 was dissolved in 30 mL MeOH at reflux. NaBH₄ (0.052 g, 1.3 mmol) was added to the reaction. The reaction occurred immediately. The solution was refluxed for 2 hours and cooled down. Analysis by TLC suggested the transformation was complete. The reaction was left overnight, and a gray solid appeared the next morning. The suspension was filtered to afford the gray solid. NMR & MS were consistent with the structure of the compound 71.

14. Preparation for Compound 81 from Berberrubine.

Berberrubine (300 mg, 0.84 mmol) was added to 15 mL CHCl₃ and stirred for 20 minutes at reflux. Benzoyl chloride (1180 mg, 8.4 mmol) and 0.1 mL pyridine were added to the solution. The mixture was stirred for 2 hours at reflux. Then product was filtered, washing with CHCl₃. The structure of compound 81w as confirmed by ¹H NMR and MS.

15. Preparation for Compound 70 from Compound 81.

The reaction mixture of the previous reaction was continued by addition of NaBH₄ (8 mg, 0.21 mmol). Then the mixture stirred at 60° C. for 15 minutes. 5 mL H₂O was added to the solution to quench the reaction. The product was filtered from the solution. MS information suggested it was the desired structure.

16. Preparation for Compound I4 from Berberrubine.

Berberrubine (100 mg, 0.279 mmol) was dissolved in 5 mL acetone. Then 2-bromoethanol (182 mg, 1.40 mmol) was added to the solution and stirred overnight at 60°. The anticipated yellow solid was appeared. Then the product was filtered from the reaction and used without further purification.

17. Preparation for Compound 82 from Compound I4.

Compound I4 (60 mg, 0.186 mmol) was added to 5 mL hot MeOH and stirred for 15 minutes at 60°. Then NaBH₄ (9 mg, 0.24 mmol) was added to the solution. The color of the solution changed immediately. Then the mixture stirred at 60° for 15 minutes, then worked up and isolated as before.

18. Preparation for Compound I5 from Berberrubine.

Berberrubine (400 mg, 1.12 mmol) was dissolved in CHCl₃ (14 mL) at reflux in a 50 mL flask. Then ethyl bromoacetate (1.5 g, 8.96 mmol) was added dropwise to the reaction. After the ethyl bromoacetate had been added entirely, the red solution changed into yellow. The reaction was maintained at reflux.

The solution was filtered and the solid was refluxed in CHCl₃ (15 mL) for 2 hours and filtered. ¹H NMR information suggested the product was the desired structure 15.

19. Preparation for Compound 83 from Compound I5.

Compound I5 (250 mg, 0.563 mmol) was placed in 50 mL flask and CH₃OH (12 mL) was added in. The solution became clear after refluxing for a while. Then sodium boro-hydride (27.7 mg, 0.732 mmol) was added carefully into the same flask. TLC showed that the material has been disappeared. The reaction continued and was held at the same temperature for 40 minutes.

Water (30 mL) was added to the solution, stirred for half an hour. Then the solution was evaporated under vacuum until the CH₃OH was removed. Water (30 mL) was added into the solution, and the solution was extracted by chloroform for 3 times. The organic phase was washed by water and brine, the dried by anhydrous sodium sulfate, evaporated under vacuum to give compound 83.

20. Preparation for Compound I6 from Berberrubine.

Berberrubine (648 mg, 1.81 mmol) was added in a flask with 15 mL N,N-dimethylformamide in it. The mixture was stirred and heated to dissolve under 60° C. Then 2-bromoacetic acid (724 mg, 5.21 mmol) was slowly added in. The reaction mixture was stirred under the same temperature for 2 hours. Then it was cooled down to room temperature. The mixture was filtered to show the yellow solid. Then the solid was wash with CHCl₃ for 3 times and then dried in vacuum to show the product.

21. Preparation for Compound III from Compound I6.

The compound I6 (109 mg, 0.262 mmol) was added in a flask with methanol (5 mL). Then the reaction mixture was heated to dissolve under reflux conditions. NaBH₄ (42 mg, 1.11 mmol) was added to the reaction slowly. The reaction mixture was stirred at the same temperature for 1 hour. Then it was cooled first to room temperature and then cooled in a refrigerator for 4 hours. The mixture was filtered to give clear crystals. The crystals were washed with Et₂O for 3 times and dried in vacuum to give the final product, compound 111.

22. Preparation for Compound I7 from Berberrubine.

Berberrubine (1.0 g, 2.79 mmol) was dissolved in 5 mL DMF. Then 1,2-dibromoethane (5.3 g, 27.9 mmol) was added to the solution and stirred overnight at 60° C. Then 5 mL Et₂O was added to the solution. The product was filtered from the reaction and used directly for the next reaction.

23. Preparation for Compound I8 from Compound I7.

A solution of compound I7 (460 mg, 1 mmol), morpholine (870 mg, 10 mmol), K₂CO₃ (1.38 g, 10 mmol), DMF (30 mL) was heated at 60° C.

24. Preparation for Compound 88 from Compound I8.

Compound I8 was dissolved in 50 mL methanol and heated to reflux. NaBH₄ was added to the refluxing solution. The reaction was monitored by TLC and was refluxed for 4 hours. The methanol was removed by vacuum distillation. The resulting residue was mixed with water and extracted with chloroform (3×). The organic layer was dried over NaSO₄. Then the chloroform was removed by vacuum distillation. The product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (acetone: CH₂Cl₂, from 4:1 to 1:1). The MS analysis was consistent with the desired product and the HPLC assay showed the purity was 96%. ¹H NMR confirmed the structure was the desired one, compound 88.

25. Preparation for Compound 72 from Compound 78.

A solution of compound 78 (100 mg, 0.32 mmol) in 5 mL dry DMF under Ar was heated to 60° C. and a solution of CH₂BrCl (84 mg, 0.64 mmol) was added. The temperature of the reaction was raised to 95° C. 4 hours later, the reaction was analyzed by LC-MS and confirmed that the product was compound 72.

26. Preparation of Compound I9 from Berberrubine.

Berberrubine (300 mg, 0.84 mmol) was dissolved in 30 mL CHCl₃ at reflux. Then 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene-1-sulfonyl chloride (300 mg, 1.23 mmol) was added to the solution and stirred for 7 hours. Then product was filtered, washed with CHCl₃ and dried. 400 mg product was obtained as yellow solid (yield: 84.2%). The intermediate was used directly without further purification.

27. Preparation of Compound 85 from Compound I9.

Compound I9 (140 mg, 0.247 mmol) was dissolved in 80 mL MeOH at reflux. NaBH₄ (50 mg, 1.322 mmol) was added to the solution and stirred for 1 hour. Then product was filtered, washed with MeOH, H₂O and hexane. 45 mg product was obtained as gray solid (yield: 34%). The MS & ¹H NMR analysis of the product was consistent with the structure of compound 85.

28. Preparation of Compound I10 from Berberrubine.

Berberrubine (300 mg, 0.84 mmol) was dissolved in 30 mL CHCl₃ at 70° C. Then 3,4-dimethoxybenzene-1-sulfonyl chloride (300 mg, 1.27 mmol) was added to the solution and stirred for 7 hours. Then product was filtered, washed by CHCl₃ and dried. 40 mg product was obtained as yellow solid. (yield: 17%). The intermediate was used directly without further purification.

29. Preparation of Compound 86 from Compound I10.

Compound I10 (80 mg, 0.14 mmol) was dissolved in 80 mL MeOH at 70° C. NaBH₄ (50 mg, 1.32 mmol) was added to the solution and stirred for 1 hours. Then product was filtered, washed with MeOH, H₂O and hexane. 25 mg product was obtained as gray solid. (MC0236-38-1; yield: 34%). The MS & ¹H NMR information suggested the product was the desired structure, compound 86.

30. Preparation of Compound I11 from Berberrubine.

Berberrubine (300 mg, 0.84 mmol) was dissolved in 30 mL CHCl₃ at 70° C. Then 4-nitrobenzene-1-sulfonyl chloride (300 mg, 1.35 mmol) was added to the solution and stirred for 7 hours. Then product was filtered, washed by CHCl₃ and dried. 400 mg product was obtained as yellow solid. (yield: 87.7%) The intermediate was used directly without further purification.

31. Preparation of Compound 106 from Compound I11.

Compound I11 (110 mg, 0.202 mmol) was dissolved in CH₃OH (150 mL) at reflux in a 250 mL three-neck flask. Then sodium borohydride (100 mg, 2.64 mmol) was added carefully to the reaction. The mixture was refluxed for 3 hours. The solution was concentrated to 10 mL in vacuum, cooled in refrigerator, filtered, washed by water and n-hexane, dried in vacuum. 35 mg product was obtained as cyan solid. (yield: 33.9%)

32. Preparation of Compound 107 from Compound I12.

Compound I12 (130 mg, 0.325 mmol) was dissolved in CH₃OH (150 mL) at reflux in a 250 mL three-neck flask. Then sodium borohydride (120 mg, 3.17 mmol) was added carefully. The reaction continued for 3 hours. The solution was concentrated to 10 mL in vacuum, cooled in refrigerator, filtered, washed by water and n-hexane, dried in vacuum.

33. Preparation of Compound I13 from Berberrubine.

Berberrubine (200 mg, 0.56 mmol) was dissolved in 30 mL CHCl₃ at 70° C. Then 4-(methylsulfonyl)benzene-1-sulfonyl chloride (350 mg, 1.37 mmol) was added to the solution and stirred for 7 hours at 70° C. Then product was filtered, washed by CHCl₃ and dried. 200 mg product was obtained as yellow solid. (yield: 62%) The intermediate compound 113 was used directly without further purification.

34. Preparation of Compound 87 from Compound I13.

Compound I13 (110 mg, 0.19 mmol) was dissolved in 80 mL MeOH at reflux. Then NaBH₄ (70 mg, 1.85 mmol) was added to the solution and stirred for 1 hour at 70° C. Then most of solvent was removed, and product was filtered, washed by MeOH, H₂O and hexane. 40 mg product was obtained as gray solid (yield: 38.8%).

35. Preparation of Compound I14 from Berberrubine.

Berberrubine (220 mg, 0.61 mmol) was dissolved in 30 mL CHCl₃ at 70° C. Then 4-cyanobenzene-1-sulfonyl chloride (340 mg, 1.68 mmol) was added to the solution and stirred for 7 hours at 70° C. Then product was filtered, washed by CHCl₃ and dried. 110 mg product was obtained as yellow solid. (yield: 35%) The intermediate compound 114 was used directly without further purification.

36. Preparation of Compound 108 from Compound I14.

37. Preparation of Compound 109 from Compound I15.

The Compound I15 (150 mg, 0.449 mmol) was added in a flask with methanol (15 mL). Then the reaction mixture was heated to dissolve under reflux condition. Then NaBH₄ (276 mg, 7.30 mmol) was added in slowly. The reaction mixture was stirred under the same temperature for 2 hours. Then it was evaporated in vacuum and the solid was washed with water for 24 hours. The mixture was filtered and then dried to obtain 112 mg compound 109 as red solid. (Yield: 81.2%) The ¹H NMR & MS information suggested the product was the desired structure.

38. Preparation of Compound 110 from Compound 109.

Compound 109 (17 mg, 0.0461 mmol) was added to a flask with 13 mL CHCl₃ in it. The mixture was stirred and heated to reflux to dissolve it. Then benzenesulfonyl chloride (55 mg, 0.311 mmol) and pyridine (0.3 mL) were slowly added in. The reaction mixture was stirred at the same temperature for 2 hours. Then the reaction was cooled down to room temperature. The MS assay suggested the compound 110 was formed.

39. Preparation of Compound I17 from Compound I16.

A solution of thiophenol (229 mg, 1.8 mmol) in 5 mL toluene was treated with DBU (317 mg, 1.8 mmol). 5 minutes later, 15 mL of toluene solution, which contained compound 116 (300 mg, 0.6 mmol), was added to the reaction solution. The reaction was stirred overnight. The LC-MS information suggested the desired product compound 117 was formed. Then product was purified by silica gel column chromatogram. (300 mL CH₂Cl₂, then 300 mL CH₂Cl₂: acetone=3:1). 200 mg product was obtained. (Yield: 62.3%) The ¹H NMR & MS information suggested the product was the desired structure.

40. Preparation of Compound 105 from Compound I17.

The compound 117 (80 mg, 0.17 mmol) was dissolved in 5 mL AcOH and heated at 60° C. 10 minutes later, the 2 mL 30% H₂O₂ was added in. 1.5 hours later, the reaction was sent to LC-MS assay.

41. Preparation of Compound 1.

Berberine Chloride→B

To a stirred solution of NaOH (4 g, 100 mmol) in water (20 mL) was added berberine chloride (2.0 g, 5.4 mmol) at room temperature. Then acetone (1.6 mL) was added slowly at same temperature and stirred for 1 hour. TLC analysis indicated the completion of the reaction. The reaction solution was filtered, sufficiently washed with 80% methanol and dried to give 1.7 g of B.

B→C

To a stirred solution of B (1.7 g, 4.3 mmol) in MeCN (20 mL) was added KI (450 mg, 2.7 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was heated to reflux and BnBr (1.5 mL, 12.7 mmol) was added. Then the reaction was refluxed for 4 hours with stirring. TLC analysis indicated the completion of the reaction. The solvent was removed and residue was purified by column chromatography to give 1.6 g of C.

C→Compound 1

To a stirred solution of C (1.6 g, 3.7 mmol) in MeOH was added Pt/C (200 mg) and stirred overnight under H₂ at ambient temperature. After filtering, the filtrate was concentrated to get crude product. The solid was washed with MeOH to get 500 mg of pure Compound 1. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 7.20-7.14 (m, 3H); 6.88-6.85 (m, 2H); 6.76 (s, 1H); 6.61 (s, 1H); 6.52 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz); 6.00 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz); 5.94 (s, 2H); 4.28 (d, 1H, J=16.2 Hz); 3.86 (s, 3H); 3.80 (s, 3H); 3.77 (br, 1H); 3.56 (d, 1H, J=16.2 Hz); 3.25-3.07 (m, 3H); 2.73-2.57 (m, 4H). MS: m/z (APC)-ESI) 430.2 (M⁺+1).

42. Preparation of Compounds, Salt Formation.

General Procedure: 14R,13S-(+)-CRDL or 14R-(+)-THP was dissolved in solvent and mixed with a suitable amount of acid to form the corresponding acid addition salt.

Hydrochloride Salts (Compounds 2 and 6)

To a stirred solution of MeOH (2 mL) and DCM (2 mL) contained HCl (2 mmol) was added 14R-(+)-THP (100 mg, 0.28 mmol) or 14R,13S-(+)-CDRL (100 mg, 0.27 mmol) at room temperature and stirred for 2 hours. The solvent was removed to get 110 mg of the salt.

Sulfate Salts (Compounds 3 and 7)

To a stirred solution of MeOH (2 mL) and DCM (2 mL) contained H₂SO₄ (15 μL, 0.28 mmol) was added 14R-(+)-THP (100 mg, 0.28 mmol) or 14R,13S-(+)-CDRL (100 mg, 0.27 mmol) at room temperature and stirred for 2 hours. The solvent was removed to get 110 mg of the salt.

Citrate Salts (Compounds 4 and 8)

To a stirred solution of MeOH (2 mL) and DCM (2 mL) contained citric acid (19.6 mg, 0.093 mmol) was added 14R-(+)-THP (100 mg, 0.28 mmol) or 14R,13S-(+)-CDRL (100 mg, 0.27 mmol) at room temperature and stirred for 2 hours. The solvent was removed to get 110 mg of the salt.

Maleate Salts (Compounds 5 and 9)

To a stirred solution of MeOH (2 mL) and DCM (2 mL) contained maleic acid (16.2 mg, 0.14 mmol) was added 14R-(+)-THP (100 mg, 0.28 mmol) or 14R,13S-(+)-CDRL (100 mg, 0.27 mmol) at room temperature and stirred for 2 hours. The solvent was removed to get 110 mg of the salt.

43. Preparation of Compound 10.

A+B→C

To the solution of A (650 mg, 3.31 mmol), B (630 mg, 3.48 mmol) in DCM (30 mL) was added EDCI (1.27 g, 6.62 mmol) and Et₃N (1.0 g, 9.93 mmol) at 20° C. and the solution was stirred overnight. TLC analysis indicated the completion of the reaction. Water was added, and the organic layer was collected, dried and concentrated to give 1.0 g of C.

C→D

To a stirred solution of C (1.0 g, 2.78 mmol) in toluene (10 mL) was added POCl₃ (3 mL) at ambient temperature. The reaction mixture was refluxed for 4 hours with stirring. When the reaction was completed, the solvent and excess POCl₃ were evaporated off. The residue was poured into ice water and adjusted pH>7 with Na₂CO₃. The solution was extracted with EtOAc, and the organic layer was dried and concentrated to get the crude product, which was directly used in the next step without further purification.

D→E

To a stirred solution of D in MeOH (15 mL) was added NaBH₄ (130 mg, 3.42 mmol) at 10° C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 6 hours at room temperature. TLC analysis indicated the completion of the reaction. The solvent was removed and the residue was extracted with EtOAc and water. The organic layer was dried and concentrated to give crude E.

E→Compound 10

Crude E was added to 37% HCHO (5 mL) and AcOH (10 mL). The reaction mixture was heated to 100° C. and stirred for 8 hours. TLC analysis indicated the completion of the reaction. The water and AcOH was removed. The residue was extracted with Na₂CO₃ aqueous and EtOAc. The organic phase was dried and concentrated to crude product. The crude material was further purified by column chromatography to get 200 mg of compound 10. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 6.74 (s, 1H); 6.67 (s, 1H); 6.62 (s, 1H); 6.58 (s, 1H); 3.97-3.92 (m, 1H); 3.89-3.85 (m, 12H); 3.71 (s, 1H); 3.65-3.56 (m, 1H); 3.27-3.22 (m, 1H); 3.18-3.14 (m, 2H); 2.87-2.78 (m, 1H); 2.68-2.63 (m, 2H). MS: m/z (APC)-ESI) 356.1 (M⁺+1).

44. Preparation of Compound 11.

A+B→C

To the solution of A (1.8 g, 10 mmol), B (1.81 g, 10 mmol) in DCM (20 mL) was added EDCI (2.83 g, 12 mmol) and Et₃N (1.0 g, 9.93 mmol) at 20° C. and the solution was stirred overnight. TLC analysis indicated the completion of the reaction. Water was added, and the organic layer was collected, dried and concentrated to give 1.9 g of C.

C→D

To a stirred solution of C (0.3 g, 0.88 mmol) in toluene (10 mL) was added POCl₃ (1.5 mL) at ambient temperature. The reaction mixture was refluxed for 4 hours with stirring. When the reaction was completed, the solvent and excess POCl₃ were evaporated off. The residue was poured into ice water and adjusted pH>7 with Na₂CO₃. The solution was extracted with EtOAc, and the organic layer was dried and concentrated to get the crude product, which was directly used in the next step without further purification.

D→E

To a stirred solution of D in MeOH (8 mL) was added NaBH₄ (130 mg, 3.42 mmol) at 10° C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 6 hours at room temperature. TLC analysis indicated the completion of the reaction. The solvent was removed and the residue was extracted with EtOAc and water. The organic layer was dried and concentrated to give crude E (123 mg).

E→Compound 11

Crude E was added to 37% HCHO (10 mL) and AcOH (10 mL). The reaction mixture was heated to 100° C. and stirred for 8 hours. TLC analysis indicated the completion of the reaction. The water and AcOH was removed. The residue was extracted with Na₂CO₃ aqueous and EtOAc. The organic phase was dried and concentrated to crude product. The crude material was further purified by column chromatography to get 78 mg of compound 11. MS (M+1): 340.1. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ=6.73 (s, 1H), 6.61-6.63 (s, 2H), 6.55 (s, 1H), 6.70-5.91 (s, 2H), 3.89-3.94 (m, 1H), 3.87-3.90 (s, 6H), 3.54-3.670 (m, 2H), 3.10-3.25 (m, 3H), 2.80-2.86 (t, 1H), 2.60-2.70 (m, 2H).

45. Preparation of Compounds 12 and 13.

A→B

To the solution of A (1.0 g, 2.95 mmol) in dry THF was added n-BuLi (2.5 M, 3.25 mmol) dropwise at the protection of N₂ under the temperature of −30° C., stirring for 1 hour, then CH₃CH₂Br (386 mg, 3.54 mmol) was added dropwise. After the addition was finished, the solution was stirring at room temperature for 1.5 hours. NH₄Cl was added and the resolution was removed in vacuo. Water was added and the product was extracted with CH₂Cl₂, purified by flash chromatography to afford 968 mg, yield: 89.5%.

B→C

To the solution of B (500 mg) in AcOH was added PtO₂ (45 mg), stirring overnight under an atmosphere of H₂ (8 atm) at 25° C. When the reaction was finished, the solution was concentrated in vacuo. Then water was added, and the solution was adjusted to PH=7 using Na₂CO₃. The solution was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ and the crude product was purified by flash chromatography to afford 300 mg of product, yield: 59.3%.

C→Compounds 12 and 13

C (300 mg) was dissolved in the solution of HCHO (37%, 20 mL) and AcOH (20 mL). The reaction mixture was heated to reflux for 6 hours and then concentrated in vacuo and extracted by CH₂Cl₂. The residue was purified by flash chromatography and TLC to afford two products, one is compound 12 (15.6 mg), and another is compound 13 (19.6 mg).

Compound 12. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ=6.71 (s, 1H), 6.66 (s, 1H), 6.60 (s, 1H), 6.51 (s, 1H), 4.41-4.05 (m, 1H), 4.01-3.95 (m, 1H), 3.85 (s, 6H), 3.83 (s, 6H), 3.76-3.71 (m, 1H), 3.10-3.05 (m, 1H), 2.95-2.94 (m, 2H), 2.10-1.90 (m, 2H), 1.24 (m, 1H), 0.95-0.90 (t, 3H). MS: m/z (APCI-ESI): 384.2 (M⁺+1).

Compound 13. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ=6.70 (s, 1H), 6.68 (s, 1H), 6.60 (s, 1H), 6.58 (s, 1H), 4.40-3.98 (m, 1H), 3.88 (s, 6H), 3.85 (s, 6H), 3.74 (s, 1H), 3.10-3.08 (m, 1H), 3.10-3.08 (m, 1H), 2.98-2.92 (m, 1H), 2.60-2.54 (m, 2H), 1.42-1.37 (m, 2H), 0.83-0.78 (t, 3H). MS: m/z (APCI-ESI): 384.2 (M⁺+1).

46. Preparation of Compounds 14 and 15.

To a solution of 210 mg (1.10 mmol) of A in 10 mL of toluene, 180 mg (1.11 mmol) of B was added and the mixture was heated at reflux for 2 hours. The mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and was left to stand overnight. The crystals formed was collected, washed with diethyl ether and dried under vacuum. 350 mg of crude product 14 was obtained. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ=7.88 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.56-7.51 (m, 1H), 7.41-7.39 (m, 2H), 6.94 (s, 1H), 6.75 (s, 1H), 5.27 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 4.6-4.58 (m, 2H), 3.69 (s, 3H), 3.68 (s, 3H), 3.18-3.09 (m, 1H), 3.01-2.90 (m, 1H), 2.72-2.67 (br, 1H). MS: m/z (APCI-ESI): 354.1 (M⁺+1).

A solution of 200 mg (0.57 mmol) of compound 14 in AcOH was heated at reflux for 24 hours. The solvent was evaporated, and the residue was purified by washed with PE and EtOAc to yield 90 mg of compound 15. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ=7.97 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.59-7.43 (m, 3H), 7.12 (s, 1H), 6.78 (s, 1H), 5.19 (d, J=4.4 Hz), 4.80 (d, J=5.7 Hz), 4.45 (d, J=4.5 Hz), 3.77 (s, 3H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 2.90-2.66 (m, 3H). MS: m/z (APCI-ESI): 354.1 (M⁺+1).

47. Preparation of Compound 16.

A+B→C

To the solution of A (1.82 g, 10 mmol), B (1.81 g, 10 mmol) in DCM (30 mL) was added EDCI (2.83 g, 12 mmol) and Et₃N (1.0 g, 9.93 mmol) at 20° C. and the solution was stirred overnight. TLC analysis indicated the completion of the reaction. Water was added, and the organic layer was collected, dried and concentrated to get 2.85 g of C.

C→D

To a stirred solution of C (2.55 g, 7.2 mmol) in toluene (20 mL) was added POCl₃ (8 mL) at ambient temperature. The reaction mixture was refluxed for 4 hours with stirring. When the reaction was completed, the solvent and excess POCl₃ were evaporated off. The residue was poured into ice water and adjusted pH>7 with Na₂CO₃. The solution was extracted with EtOAc, and the organic layer was dried and concentrated to get the crude product, which was directly used in the next step without further purification.

D→E

To a stirred solution of D in MeOH (30 mL) was added NaBH₄ (1.0 g) at 10° C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 6 hours at room temperature. TLC analysis indicated the completion of the reaction. The solvent was removed and the residue was extracted with EtOAc and water. The organic layer was dried and concentrated to get crude E (1.3 g).

E→Compound 16

Crude E (0.6 g) was added to 37% HCHO (15 mL) and AcOH (15 mL). The reaction mixture was heated to 100° C. and stirred for 8 hours. TLC analysis indicated the completion of the reaction. The water and AcOH was removed. The residue was extracted with Na₂CO₃ aqueous and EtOAc. The organic phase was dried and concentrated to crude product. The crude material was further purified by column chromatography to get 160 mg of compound 16. MS (M+1): 342.1. ¹HNMR (CDCl₃) δ (ppm) 6.64 (s, 1H), 6.62-6.63 (s, 2H), 6.73 (s, 1H), 3.89-3.94 (m, 1H), 3.86-3.94 (s, 3×3H), 3.55-3.66 (m, 2H), 3.11-3.27 (m, 3H), 2.84-2.88 (t, 1H), 2.60-2.69 (m, 2H).

48. Preparation of Compound 17.

A+B→C

To the solution of A (1.82 g, 10 mmol), B (1.81 g, 10 mmol) in DCM (30 mL) was added EDCI (2.83 g, 12 mmol) and Et₃N (1.0 g, 9.93 mmol) at 20° C. and the solution was stirred overnight. TLC analysis indicated the completion of the reaction. Water was added, and the organic layer was collected, dried and concentrated to get 2.3 g of C.

C→D

To a stirred solution of C (0.25 g, 0.72 mmol) in toluene (10 mL) was added POCl₃ (1.5 mL) at ambient temperature. The reaction mixture was refluxed for 4 hours with stirring. When the reaction was completed, the solvent and excess POCl₃ were evaporated off. The residue was poured into ice water and adjusted pH>7 with Na₂CO₃. The solution was extracted with EtOAc, and the organic layer was dried and concentrated to get the crude product, which was directly used in the next step without further purification.

D→E

To a stirred solution of D in MeOH (8 mL) was added NaBH₄ (130 mg, 3.42 mmol) at 10° C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 6 hours at room temperature. TLC analysis indicated the completion of the reaction. The solvent was removed and the residue was extracted with EtOAc and water. The organic layer was dried and concentrated to get crude E (140 mg).

E→Compound 17

Crude E (120 mg) was added to 37% HCHO (5 mL) and AcOH (5 mL). The reaction mixture was heated to 100° C. and stirred for 8 hours. TLC analysis indicated the completion of the reaction. The water and AcOH was removed. The residue was extracted with Na₂CO₃ aqueous and EtOAc. The organic phase was dried and concentrated to crude product. The crude material was further purified by column chromatography to get 200 mg of compound 17. MS (M+1): 342.1. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ (ppm) 6.72-6.73 (s, 2H), 6.611 (s, 1H), 6.554 (s, 1H), 3.89-3.94 (m, 1H), 3.87-3.90 (s, 3×3H), 3.55-3.69 (m, 2H), 3.11-3.24 (m, 3H), 2.79-2.84 (t, 1H), 2.60-2.68 (m, 2H).

49. Preparation of Compounds 19 and 20.

A+B→C

A mixture of 200 mg (1.10 mmol) of A and 165 mg (1.10 mmol) of B was heated to 160° C. for 1 hour, and then cooled; the oil was dissolved in 2 mL of MeOH. 50 mg (1.32 mmol) of NaBH₄ was added in portions. After 1 hour at room temperature, the reaction was completed, and the solvent was removed under vacuum. The residue was dissolved with ethyl acetate, washed with water, brine, and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. 320 mg of pure product was obtained. Yield: 92.4%.

C→Compound 19

To a solution of 150 mg (0.48 mmol) of C in 2 mL of AcOH was added 1.0 g of CuSO₄, followed 2 mL of aqueous (30%) glyoxal. The reaction mixture was heated to reflux for 3 hours. The most solvent was removed under vacuum, and then extracted with EtOAc. The organic phase was washed with water, brine and dried over anhydrous NaSO₄. The solvent was removed under vacuum, the crude product was purified with column chromatograph eluting with EA:MeOH=20:1.35 mg of the title compound was obtained. Yield: 21.0%. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ=8.81 (s, 1H), 8.41 (br, 1H), 7.99 (d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.51 (d, J=8.7 Hz), 6.94 (s, 1H), 6.35 (s, 2H), 4.66 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.06 (t, J=6.2 Hz, 2H). MS: m/z (APCI-ESI): 352.1 (M⁺+1).

Compound 19→Compound 20

To a suspension of 14 mg (0.04 mmol) of compound 19 in 2 mL of 1,2-dichloroethane was added 1 mL of POCl₃. The mixture was stirred for 30 minutes at 80° C., and then the solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in MeOH, then NaBH₄ was added in portions at 0° C. After 30 minutes, the reaction was completed. The solvent was removed under vacuum, the residue was extracted with CH₂Cl₂, washed with water, brine and dried over anhydrous NaSO₄. The product was purified with P-TLC. 3 mg of the title compound was obtained. Yield: 22.2%. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ=6.73-6.61 (m, 4H), 5.95 (d, J=11.0 Hz 2H), 4.11 (d, J=15.3 Hz, 1H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.66-3.52 (m, 2H), 3.31-3.06 (m, 3H), 2.86-2.60 (m, 3H). MS: m/z (APCI-ESI): 340.1 (M⁺+1).

50. Chiral Separation of Compound 1.

Compound 1 was subjected to chiral HPLC using the following HPLC system:

Column CHIRALCEL OJ-H Column size 0.46 cm I.D. × 15 cm L Injection 10 μl Mobile phase Hexane/IPA/DEA = 95/5/0.1 (v/v/v) Flow rate 1.0 mL/min. Wave length UV 220 nm Temperature 35° C. Sample solution x mg/mL in Mobile phase HPLC equipment Shimadzu LC 20 with UV detector SPD-20A Solvent Brand Tedia, HPLC grade The (R,S) and (S,R) enantiomers of compound 1 were separated and assigned as shown in the scheme. Under these conditions, the 13S,14R-enantiomer (compound 31) exhibited a retention time of about 7 minutes and the 13R14S-enantiomer (compound 32) exhibited a retention time of about 13 minutes.

51. Preparation of Compounds 23-26, 29.

To a solution of compound 34 (50 mg, 0.154 mmol) in acetone was added R—Br (0.308 mmol), and K₂CO₃ (63.7 mg, 0.462 mmol), then the mixture was heated for 3 hours at about 70° C. in small ampoule. Then it was purified by p-TLC to afford the product.

Compound 23: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 7.50-7.46 (m, 2H), 7.42-7.33 (m, 3H), 6.90-6.80 (m, 2H), 6.72 (s, 1H), 6.58 (s, 1H), 5.92-5.91 (m, 2H), 5.03 (dd, 2H, J₁=11.1 Hz, J₂=31.2 Hz), 4.20 (d, 1H, J=15.9 Hz), 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.50-3.40 (m, 2H), 3.30-3.09 (m, 3H), 2.90-2.75 (m, 1H), 2.65-2.55 (m, 2H). MS: m/z=416.0 (M⁺+1).

Compound 24: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ 7.43-7.35 (m, 3H), 7.19-7.16 (m, 1H), 6.91-6.80 (m, 2H), 6.72 (s, 1H), 6.58 (s, 1H), 5.92-5.91 (m, 2H), 5.03 (dd, 2H, J₁=11.1 Hz, J₂=31.2 Hz), 4.20 (d, 1H, J=15.9 Hz), 3.86 (s, 3H), 3.52-3.47 (m, 2H), 3.30-3.05 (m, 3H), 2.90-2.75 (m, 1H), 2.65-2.55 (m, 2H). MS: m/z=500.0 (M⁺+1).

Compound 25: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 7.50 (s, 1H), 7.35-7.29 (m, 3H), 6.91-6.80 (m, 2H), 6.72 (s, 1H), 6.58 (s, 1H), 5.92-5.91 (m, 2H), 5.00 (dd, 2H, J₁=11.1 Hz, J₂=31.2 Hz), 4.20 (d, 1H, J=15.9 Hz), 3.86 (s, 3H), 3.55-3.40 (m, 2H), 3.30-3.05 (m, 3H), 2.90-2.75 (m, 1H), 2.65-2.55 (m, 2H). MS: m/z=450.0 (M⁺+1).

Compound 26: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ 8.16-8.11 (m, 2H), 7.76-7.71 (m, 2H), 7.75-7.46 (m, 2H), 7.93-7.80 (m, 2H), 6.73 (s, 1H), 6.58 (s, 1H), 5.92-5.91 (m, 2H), 5.42-5.41 (m, 2H), 4.96 (s, 1H), 2.23 (d, 1H, J=15.9 Hz), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.60-3.50 (m, 2H), 3.30-3.05 (m, 3H), 2.90-2.75 (m, 1H), 2.65-2.55 (m, 2H). MS: m/z=461.0 (M⁺+1).

Compound 29: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ 6.85-6.76 (m, 2H), 6.72 (s, 1H), 6.58 (s, 1H), 5.59 (m, 1H), 5.92 (s, 2H), 4.27-4.26 (m, 2H), 4.22-4.03 (m, 2H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 3.56-3.49 (m, 2H), 3.30-3.05 (m, 3H), 2.90-2.65 (m, 3H), 1.38 (t, 3H, J=6.9 Hz). MS: m/z=354.1 (M⁺+1).

52. Preparation of Compounds 27 and 28.

To a solution of compound 34 (50 mg, 0.154 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ was added sulfonyl chloride (0.185 mmol), and Na₂CO₃ (20 mg), then the mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature in small ampoule. Then it was purified by p-TLC to afford the product.

Compound 27: ¹H NMR (CD₃OH, 300 MHz): δ 7.03 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.83 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.71 (s, 1H), 6.59 (s, 1H), 5.91 (dd, J=1.5, 2.1 Hz, 2H), 4.27 (d, J=16.2 Hz, 1H), 4.00-3.89 (m, 1H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.83-3.60 (m, 2H), 3.27-3.16 (m, 3H), 2.85-2.64 (m, 3H), 2.32-2.10 (m, 4H), 2.95-2.65 (m, 4H); MS: m/z=326.1 (M⁺+1).

Compound 28: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ 7.55-7.7.51 (m, 5H), 7.06 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.87 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.70 (s, 1H), 6.57 (s, 1H), 5.08 (dd, J=1.2, 2.1 Hz, 2H), 4.75 (q, J=16.5 Hz, 2H), 4.19 (d, J=15.9 Hz, 3H), 3.64-3.54 (m, 2H), 3.26-3.3.02 (m, 3H), 2.86-2.77 (m, 1H), 2.65-2.55 (m, 2H); MS: m/z=480.0 (M⁺+1).

53. Preparation of Compound 30.

To a stirred solution of NaOH (4 g, 100 mmol) in water (20 mL) was added berberine chloride (2.0 g, 5.4 mmol) at room temperature. Then acetone (1.6 mL) was added slowly at same temperature and stirred for 1 hour. TLC analysis indicated the completion of the reaction. The reaction solution was filtered, sufficiently washed with 80% methanol and dried to get 1.7 g of compound 30. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 7.13 (s, 1H); 6.77-6.75 (m, 2H); 6.57 (s, 1H); 5.94-5.93 (m, 2H); 5.89 (s, 1H); 5.34-5.30 (m, 1H); 3.89 (s, 3H); 3.84 (s, 3H); 3.36-3.30 (m, 2H); 3.11-3.04 (m, 1H); 2.84-2.76 (m, 2H); 2.44-2.38 (m, 1H); 2.04 (s, 3H). MS: m/z (APCI-ESI) 336.0 (M+H)⁺.

54. Preparation of Compounds 33 and 37.

To a solution of 1.0 g (2.7 mmol) of berberine chloride in 50 mL of MeOH was added KCN (175 mg, dissolved in the minimum amount of water). The yellow precipitate that immediately appeared was filtered and washed with methanol. The solid was dried under vacuum. 810 mg of compound 33 was obtained. Yield: 82.9%

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ 7.17 (s, 1H), 6.86 (dd, J=8.7, 15.3 Hz, 2H), 6.60 (s, 1H), 6.15 (s, 1H), 5.97 (dd, J=1.4, 5.1 Hz, 2H), 5.75 (s, 1H), 3.97 (s, 1H), 3.87 (s, 1H), 3.49-3.38 (m, 1H), 3.30-3.24 (m, 1H), 3.05-2.80 (m, 2H); MS: m/z=336.0 (M⁺−CN).

200 mg of compound 33 was dissolved in 1.0 mL of conc. HCl at 0° C. for 30 minutes, then the mixture was dissolved in 15 mL of menthol. NaBH₄ was added in portions until the yellow solution turned to colorless. The reaction was quenched with water, extracted with DCM. The organic phase was washed with water, brine and dried over anhydrous NaSO₄. The solvent was removed in vacuo, the residue was purified by column chromatography to give compound 37. Yield: 78 mg (37.0%).

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ 7.06 (s, 1H), 6.97 (s, 1H), 6.95-6.85 (m, 3H), 6.65 (s, 1H), 5.94 (q, J=0.9 Hz, 2H), 4.01 (s, 1H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 3.68 (s, 3H), 3.43-3.19 (m, 3H), 2.89-2.56 (m, 3H), 2.46-2.38 (m, 1H); MS: m/z=383.0 (M⁺+1)

55. Preparation of Compound 35.

A solution of 200 mg (0.59 mmol) of A (tetrahydroberberine) in 3 mL of CHCl₃ was stirred with 110 mg (0.64 mmol) of m-CPBA at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted with 10 mL of DCM, washed with 10% aqueous Na₂CO₃, dried and the solvent was evaporated. The residue was purified by column chromatography to give 185 mg of compound 35. Yield: 85.2%.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): 6.98 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.87 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.71 (s, 1H), 6.65 (s, 1H), 5.92 (dd, J=1.5, 4.8 Hz, 2H), 4.70-4.43 (m, 3H), 3.93-3.89 (m, 1H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 3.83-3.80 (m, 1H), 3.66-3.52 (m, 2H), 3.23 (dd, J=3.9, 16.2 Hz, 1H), 2.68 (dd, J=3.6, 16.5 Hz, 1H); MS: m/z=356.0 (M⁺+1).

56. Preparation of Compounds 37, 38 and 42.

To a solution of A (50 mg, 0.15 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ was added chlorosulfone (0.20 mmol), and two drops of Et₃N, then the mixture was stirred for 3 hours at room temperature in a small ampoule. Then it was purified by p-TLC to afford the title compounds.

Compound 37: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ 8.09-7.44 (m, 9H), 7.02 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.72 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.71 (s, 1H), 6.59 (s, 1H), 5.92 (s, 2H), 4.25 (d, J=15.9 Hz, 1H), 3.68-3.56 (m, 2H), 3.45 (s, 3H), 3.28-3.08 (m, 3H), 2.87-2.60 (m, 3H); MS: m/z=542.1 (M⁺+1).

Compound 38: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ 7.93-7.55 (m, 4H), 7.01 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.72-6.69 (m, 3H), 5.91 (s, 2H), 4.19 (d, J=19.5 Hz, 1H), 3.61-3.54 (m, 2H), 3.43 (s, 3H), 3.24 (dd, J=3.9, 15.9 Hz, 1H), 3.12-3.02 (m, 2H), 2.86-2.51 (m, 3H); MS: m/z=522.1 (M⁺+1).

Compound 42: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ 7.93 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.91-7.90 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.02-6.99 (m, 3H), 6.72 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 2H), 6.58 (s, 1H), 5.91 (s, 2H), 4.23 (d, J=17.1 Hz, 1H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 3.64-3.59 (m, 2H), 3.50 (s, 3H), 3.27-3.21 (m, 1H), 3.15-3.10 (m, 2H), 2.85-2.59 (m, 3H); MS: m/z=490.0 (M⁺+1).

57. Preparation of Compound 39.

To a solution of A (50 mg, 0.15 mmol) in acetone was added 2-bromopropane (38 mg, 0.31 mmol), and K₂CO₃ (63.7 mg, 0.46 mmol), then the mixture was heated for 3 hours at about 70° C. in a small ampoule. Then it was purified by p-TLC to afford the title compound 39. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ 6.79 (dd, J=8.1, 19.8 Hz, 2H), 6.72 (s, 1H), 6.58 (s, 1H), 5.91 (s, 2H), 4.61-4.53 (m, 1H), 4.24 (d, J=15.9 Hz, 1H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.53-3.50 (m, 2H), 3.24-3.10 (m, 3H), 2.86-2.80 (m, H), 2.67-2.57 (m, 2H), 1.30 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 3H), 1.28 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 3H); MS: m/z=368.1 (M⁺+1).

58. Preparation of Compounds 41, 44, 45 and 46.

To a stirred solution of A (100 mg, 0.31 mmol) in DCM (1.5 mL) and pyridine (1.5 mL) was added B (33 μL, 0.34 mmol) at room temperature. Then the reaction mixture was heated to 40° C. and stirred for 8 hours. TLC analysis indicated the completion of the reaction. The solvent was removed in reduce pressure. The residue was extracted with EtOAc and water, dried and concentrated to get crude product. The crude material sufficiently washed with Et₂O and dried to get 35 mg of compound 41. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 6.97 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H); 6.81 d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H); 6.72 (s, 1H); 6.58 (s, 1H); 5.91 (s, 2H); 5.01 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H); 4.07 (d, J=15.6 Hz, 1H); 3.90-3.86 (m, 1H); 3.82 (s, 3H); 3.60-3.48 (m, 2H); 3.25-3.04 (m, 3H); 2.86-2.77 (m, 1H); 2.66-2.55 (m, 2H); 1.24-1.12 (m, 6H). MS: m/z (APCI-ESI) 411.1 (M+H)⁺.

The compounds 44, 45 and 46 were prepared analogously using the appropriate isocyanate.

Compound 44: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 7.46 (dd, J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 7.16 (dd, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.04 (dd, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.85 (dd, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.73 (s, 1H), 6.58 (m, 1H), 5.92 (s, 2H), 4.12-4.17 (m, 1H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.55-3.56 (m, 2H), 3.14-3.25 (m, 3H), 2.98-2.75 (m, 1H), 2.61-2.61 (m, 2H). MS: m/z=529.0 (M⁺+1).

Compound 45: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 7.48 (m, 1H), 7.03 (dd, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.85 (dd, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.75 (s, 1H), 6.67 (s, 2H), 6.59 (s, 1H), 6.19 (s, 1H), 5.92 (s, 2H), 4.16-4.21 (m, 1H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 3.70 (s, 6H), 3.48-3.64 (m, 2H), 3.13-3.31 (m, 3H), 2.83-2.92 (m, 1H), 2.57-2.83 (m, 2H). MS: m/z=505.1 (M⁺+1).

Compound 46: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 7.4 (m, 1H), 7.16-7.23 (m, 2H), 7.03 (dd, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 6.83-6.90 (m, 2H), 6.75 (s, 2H), 6.58 (s, 1H), 6.19 (s, 1H), 5.92 (s, 2H), 4.14-4.19 (m, 1H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 3.49-3.63 (m, 2H), 3.08-3.31 (m, 3H), 2.81-2.90 (m, 1H), 2.57-2.67 (m, 2H), 2.29 (s, 3H). MS: m/z=459.1 (M⁺+1).

59. Preparation of Compound 43.

100 mg of A (0.31 mmol) was dissolved in 5.0 mL of DCM, and the solution turned yellow. Then 0.5 mL of chloro-N,N-dimethylamide, 59 mg (0.307 mmol) of EDCI and 1.0 mL of Et₃N were added and kept stirring overnight at reflux point. Cooled down and washed with water three times. Purified by silica gel chromatography to afford 45.0 mg of compound 43. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 6.97 (dd, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.81 (dd, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.71 (m, 1H), 6.58 (s, 1H), 4.04-4.09 (m, 1H), 3.80 (m, 3H), 3.55-3.56 (m, 2H), 3.02-3.25 (m, 8H), 2.61-2.79 (m, 4H). MS: m/z=397.1 (M⁺+1).

60. Preparation of Compounds 49-53 and 56-60.

To a solution of A (50 mg, 0.15 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ was added chlorosulfone (0.20 mmol), and two drops of Et₃N; then the mixture was stirred for 3 hours at room temperature in a small ampoule. The reaction mixture was purified by prep-TLC to afford the title compounds.

Compound 49: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ 8.00 (dd, J=5.7, 9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.38 (dd, J=2.4, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.13-7.07 (m, 1H), 7.05 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.71-6.68 (m, 2H), 6.59 (s, 1H), 5.91 (s, 2H), 4.26 (d, J=15.6 Hz, 1H), 3.65-3.56 (m, 2H), 3.39 (s, 3H), 3.26-3.09 (m, 3H), 2.69-2.61 (m, 3H); MS: m/z=517.9 (M⁺+1).

Compound 50: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ 7.89-7.86 (dd, J=1.2, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.55-7.50 (m, 1H), 7.41 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.32-7.27 (m, 1H), 6.99 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.70-6.66 (m, 2H), 6.58 (s, 1H), 5.91 (s, 2H), 4.18 (d, J=15.9 Hz, 1H), 3.59-3.54 (m, 2H), 3.32 (s, 3H), 3.26-3.07 (m, 3H), 2.82 (s, 3H), 2.66-2.56 (m, 3H); MS: m/z=480.0 (M⁺+1).

Compound 51: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ 7.88-7.82 (m, 1H), 7.71-7.63 (m, 1H), 7.34-7.28 (m, 2H), 7.01 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.68 (s, 1H), 6.68 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.59 (s, 1H), 5.91 (s, 2H), 4.27 (d, J=15.9 Hz, 1H), 3.68-3.56 (m, 2H), 3.35 (s, 3H), 3.26-3.08 (m, 3H), 2.86-2.58 (m, 3H); MS: m/z=484.0 (M⁺+1).

Compound 52: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ 7.82-7.78 (m, 1H), 7.74-7.70 (m, 1H), 7.59-7.52 (m, 1H), 7.42-7.36 (m, 1H), 7.03 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.74-6.70 (m, 2H), 6.59 (s, 1H), 5.91 (s, 2H), 4.24 (d, J=15.9 Hz, 1H), 3.67-3.57 (m, 2H), 3.45 (s, 3H), 3.28-3.09 (m, 3H), 2.86-2.59 (m, 3H); MS: m/z=484.0 (M⁺+1).

Compound 53: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ 7.91-7.77 (m, 2H), 7.40-7.32 (m, 1H), 7.05 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.75-6.71 (m, 2H), 6.59 (s, 1H), 5.91 (s, 2H), 4.25 (d, J=15.6 Hz, 1H), 3.70-3.58 (m, 2H), 3.50 (s, 3H), 3.27-3.05 (m, 3H), 2.88-2.61 (m, 3H); MS: m/z 502.0 (M⁺+1).

Compound 56: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ 7.78-7.73 (m, 2H), 7.16-7.13 (m, 1H), 7.04 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.77-6.70 (m, 2H), 6.59 (s, 1H), 5.91 (s, 2H), 4.22 (d, J=15.9 Hz, 1H), 3.63-3.55 (m, 2H), 3.59 (s, 3H), 3.27-3.04 (m, 3H), 2.86-2.60 (m, 3H); MS: m/z=472.0 (M⁺+1).

Compound 57: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ 7.89-7.85 (m, 2H), 7.36-7.33 (m, 2H), 7.01 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.71 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.70 (s, 1H), 6.58 (s, 1H), 5.91 (s, 2H), 4.20 (d, J=15.9 Hz, 1H), 3.62-3.54 (m, 2H), 3.45 (s, 3H), 3.28-3.02 (m, 3H), 2.85-2.53 (m, 3H), 2.47 (s, 3H); MS: m/z=480.0 (M⁺+1)

Compound 58: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ 8.04-7.99 (m, 2H), 7.27-7.21 (m, 2H), 7.02 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.71 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.70 (s, 1H), 6.59 (s, 1H), 5.91 (s, 2H), 4.24 (d, J=15.9 Hz, 1H), 3.67-3.56 (m, 2H), 3.46 (s, 3H), 3.28-3.03 (m, 3H), 2.86-2.59 (m, 3H); MS: m/z=484.0 (M⁺+1).

Compound 59: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ 7.90-7.82 (m, 1H), 7.08-6.97 (m, 3H), 6.71-6.68 (m, 2H), 6.59 (s, 1H), 5.91 (s, 2H), 4.27 (d, J=15.9 Hz, 1H), 3.69-3.55 (m, 2H), 3.40 (s, 3H), 3.26-3.05 (m, 3H), 2.85-2.59 (m, 3H); MS: m/z=502.0 (M⁺+1).

Compound 60: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ 7.82-7.76 (m, 2H), 7.49-7.41 (m, 2H), 7.01 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.72 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 6.70 (s, 1H), 6.58 (s, 1H), 5.91 (s, 2H), 4.20 (d, J=15.9 Hz, 1H), 3.61-3.54 (m, 2H), 3.46 (s, 3H), 3.27-3.04 (m, 3H), 2.85-2.55 (m, 3H), 2.45 (s, 3H); MS: m/z=480.0 (M⁺+1)

61. Preparation of Compound 47.

To a solution of 65.0 mg (0.2 mmol) of A in 2 mL of DCM and 1 mL of pyridine was added 0.22 mmol of RNCO. The mixture was stirred at 40° C. for 6 hours. Then it was purified by p-TLC to afford the title compound.

Compound 47: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.12 (br, 1H), 7.70-7.58 (m, 2H), 7.41-7.28 (m, 2H), 7.04 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.86 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.76 (s, 1H), 6.58 (m, 1H), 5.94 (s, 2H), 4.26 (d, J=15.9 Hz, 1H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 3.71-3.3.57 (m, 2H), 3.36-3.14 (m, 3H), 2.96-2.69 (m, 3H). MS: m/z=513.0 (M⁺+1).

62. Preparation of Compound 48.

To a solution of A (50 mg, 0.15 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ was added ethyl chloroformate (0.20 mmol), and two drops of Et₃N, then the mixture was stirred for 3 hours at room temperature in a small ampoule. Then it was purified by p-TLC to afford the title compound.

Compound 48: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ 7.01 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.83 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.58 (s, 1H), 5.91 (s, 2H), 4.36-4.29 (m, 2H), 4.12 (d, J=15.9 Hz, 1H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 3.57-3.48 (m, 2H), 3.26-3.11 (m, 3H), 3.68-2.62 (m, 3H), 1.41-1.37 (m, 3H); MS: m/z=398.1 (M⁺+1).

63. Preparation of Compound 54.

To a stirred solution of A (50 mg, 0.15 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) and Et₃N (3 drops) was added B (40 μL) at room temperature. Then the reaction mixture was heated to 40° C. and stirred for 3 hours. When TLC analysis indicated the completion of the reaction, the solvent was removed in reduced pressure. The residue was dissovled with EtOAc, This solution was washed with water, dried and concentrated to get crude product. The crude material was further purified by p-TLC to get 20 mg of compound 54.

Compound 54: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ 8.26-8.23 (m, 2H), 7.68-7.63 (m, 1H), 7.56-7.50 (m, 2H), 7.06 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 6.88 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.74 (s, 1H), 6.57 (s, 1H), 5.92 (s, 2H), 4.08 (d, J=14.1 Hz, 1H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.61-3.47 (m, 2H), 3.28-3.24 (m, 1H), 3.09-3.06 (m, 2H), 2.91-2.81 (m, 1H), 2.64-2.56 (m, 2H); MS: m/z=430.0 (M++1).

64. Preparation of Compound 55.

To a stirred solution of A (50 mg, 0.15 mmol) and Et₃N (3 drops) in DCM (2 mL) was added B (40 μL) at room temperature. Then the reaction mixture was heated to 40° C. and stirred for 3 hours. When TLC analysis indicated the completion of the reaction, the solvent was removed in reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved with EtOAc. This solution was washed with water, dried and concentrated to get crude product. The crude material was further purified by p-TLC to get 26 mg of compound 55.

Compound 55: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 7.46-7.39 (m, 5H), 7.01 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.83 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.69 (s, 1H), 6.58 (s, 1H), 5.91 (s, 2H), 5.29 (s, 2H), 4.18 (d, J=12.6 Hz, 2H), 3.81-3.53 (m, 2H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.28-3.18 (m, 3H), 2.94-2.68 (m, 3H); MS: m/z=460.1 (M⁺+1).

65. Preparation of Compound 61.

To a stirred solution of A (50 mg, 0.15 mmol) and pyridine (0.5 mL) in DCM (2 mL) was added B (20 mg, 0.17 mmol) at room temperature. Then the reaction mixture was heated to 40° C. and stirred for 6 hours. When TLC analysis indicated the completion of the reaction, the solvent was removed in reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved with EtOAc. This solution was washed with water, dried and concentrated to get crude product. The crude material was further purified by p-TLC to get 50 mg of compound 61. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 7.45 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.30 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.10-7.01 (m, 2H), 6.86 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.70 (s, 1H), 6.58 (s, 1H), 5.93-5.92 (m, 2H), 4.32 (d, J=16.5 Hz, 1H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 3.72 (br, 2H), 3.30-3.23 (m, 2H), 2.95-2.70 (m, 4H); MS: m/z=445.0 (M⁺+1).

66. Preparation of Compound 62.

To a stirred solution of A (50 mg, 0.15 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) was added bromopropane (21 mg, 0.17 mmol), Cs₂CO₃ (65 mg, 0.20 mmol) and KI (25 mg, 0.15 mmol) at room temperature. Then the reaction mixture was heated to 40° C. and stirred for 6 hours. When TLC analysis indicated the completion of the reaction, the solvent was removed in reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved with EtOAc. This solution was washed with water, dried and concentrated to get crude product. The crude material was further purified by p-TLC to get 20 mg of compound 62. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 6.81 (dd, J=8.4 Hz, 21 Hz, 2H), 6.72 (s, 1H), 6.59 (s, 1H), 5.91 (t, J=1.5 Hz, 2H), 4.27 (d, J=15.6 Hz, 1H), 4.0-3.89 (m, 2H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.59-3.55 (m, 2H), 3.25-3.19 (m, 3H), 2.88-2.80 (m, 1H), 2.70-2.66 (m, 2H), 1.83-1.76 (m, 2H), 1.04 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H). MS: m/z=368.1 (M⁺+1).

67. Preparation of Compounds 63, 65 and 66.

To a stirred solution of A (50 mg, 0.15 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) was added B (0.17 mmol) at room temperature, Et₃N (0.1 mL) was added and stirred for 4 hours. When TLC analysis indicated the completion of the reaction, the solvent was removed in reduced pressure. The residue was further purified by p-TLC to get title compounds.

Compound 63: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 8.92 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.56-8.54 (m, 1H), 8.39-8.34 (m, 1H), 7.80 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.38 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.76-6.72 (m, 2H), 6.60 (s, 1H), 5.92 (s, 2H), 4.30 (d, J=15.6 Hz, 1H), 3.72 (d, J=15.3 Hz, 1H), 3.62-3.59 (m, 1H), 3.50 (s, 3H), 3.28-3.05 (m, 3H), 2.89-2.79 (m, 1H), 2.69-2.60 (m, 2H). MS: m/z=511.0 (M⁺+1).

Compound 65: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 8.52-8.47 (m, 2H), 8.24-8.20 (m, 2H), 7.11 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.94 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.92 (s, 1H), 6.68 (s, 1H), 5.96 (s, 2H), 4.05 (d, J=15.9 Hz, 1H), 3.50-3.42 (m, 2H), 3.36 (s, 3H), 3.06-2.84 (m, 2H), 2.67-2.42 (m, 4H); MS: m/z=511.0 (M⁺+1).

Compound 66: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 9.26-9.24 (m, 1H), 8.41-8.12 (m, 3H), 7.65-7.57 (m, 2H), 6.96 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.68 (s, 1H), 6.58 (d, J=9.9 Hz, 1H), 6.57 (s, 1H), 5.90 (s, 2H), 4.30 (d, J=15.9 Hz, 1H), 3.64-3.52 (m, 2H), 3.23-3.00 (m, 3H), 3.02 (s, 3H), 2.83-2.49 (m, 3H); MS: m/z=517.0 (M⁺+1).

68. Preparation of Compound 64.

To 5.2 g of A was added phenylboric acid and toluene. The mixture was heated at reflux for 1 hour, and water was collected in a Dean-stark trap. The hot solution was poured over molecular sieves (3.7 g) in a stainless steel bomb. Paraformaldehyde (6.4 g) was added. The bomb was sealed and heated on an oil-bath at 110° C. for 48 hours. The bomb was opened and the hot solution filtered. The toluene was evaporated, and water was added to the residue. After heating at reflux for 2 hours, the mixture was cooled to room temperature and extracted with DCM. The solution was dried and the solvent was removed. The residue was washed with ether to obtained 2.5 g of B.

To a solution of B (1.0 g, 5.2 mmol) in 20 mL of acetone was added K₂CO₃ (810 mg, 5.8 mmol), followed by BnBr (0.7 mL, 5.8 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Then the mixture was diluted with EtOAc, washed with water, brine, and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under vacuum. The residue was purified by flash chromatography to provide 1.2 g of C.

To a solution of C (200 mg, 0.7 mmol) in 6 mL of MeOH was added 3,4-dimethoxy phenethylamine (0.3 mL, 1.8 mmol) dropwise. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc, washed with H₂O, brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. Then the solvent was removed under vacuum. The residue was purified with flash chromatography to give 310 mg of D.

Compound D (101 mg, 0.25 mmol) was suspended in 2 mL of toluene. The mixture was stirred under nitrogen. Then 0.15 mL of phosphoryl chloride was added in one portion, and the mixture was heated under reflux for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled under nitrogen. Excess phosphoryl chloride and toluene was evaporated under vacuum. The residue was dissolved in methanol, then 100 mg of NaBH₄ was added in portions. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. Then the solvent was removed, the residue was diluted with EtOAc, washed with H₂O, brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. Then the solvent was removed under vacuum. The residue was purified with flash chromatography to give 42 mg of E (compound 64).

Compound 64: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz), δ 7.50-7.30 (m, 5H), 6.86 (dd, J=8.4, 23.7 Hz, 2H), 6.73 (s, 1H), 6.61 (s, 1H), 5.04 (dd, J=11.4, 33.9 Hz, 2H), 4.22 (d, J=15.9 Hz, 1H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 3.55-3.42 (m, 2H), 3.30-3.11 (m, 3H), 2.89-2.58 (m, 3H); MS: m/z=432.1 (M⁺+1).

Example 9

The following compounds of Table 5 were synthesized according the above procedures or slight modifications thereof and were characterized by mass spectroscopy. Each compound gave the expected MH⁺ peak in the mass spectrum.

TABLE 5 Molecular Molecular MS: m/z Cmpd No. Structure Chemical Name Formula Weight [M⁺ + 1]* 1

9,10-dimethoxy-13-benzyl-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydro-2H-1,3-dioxolano[4,5-g]isoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinoline C27H27NO4 429.51 430.2 2

(13aR)-2,3,9,10-tetramethoxy-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydroisoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinoline hydrochloride C21H25NO4•HCl 355.43** 356.2 3

(13aR)-2,3,9,10-tetramethoxy-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydroisoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinoline sulfate C21H25NO4•H2SO4 355.43** 356.2 4

(13aR)-2,3,9,10-tetramethoxy-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydroisoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinoline citrate C21H25NO4•citrate 355.43** 356.2 5

(13aR)-2,3,9,10-tetramethoxy-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydroisoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinoline maleate C21H25NO4•maleate 355.43** 356.2 6

(13S,13aR)-2,3,9,10-tetramethoxy-13-methyl-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydroisoquinolino[2,1-b]isoquinoline hydrochloride C22H27NO4•HCl 369.45** 370.2 7

(13S,13aR)-2,3,9,10-tetramethoxy-13-methyl-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydroisoquinolino[2,1-b]isoquinoline sulfate C22H27NO4•H2SO4 369.45** 370.2 8

(13S,13aR)-2,3,9,10-tetramethoxy-13-methyl-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydroisoquinolino[2,1-b]isoquinoline citrate C22H27NO4•citrate 369.45** 370.2 9

(13S,13aR)-2,3,9,10-tetramethoxy-13-methyl-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydroisoquinolino[2,1-b]isoquinoline maleate C22H27NO4•maleate 369.45** 370.2 10

2,3,10,11-tetramethoxy-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydroisoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinoline C21H25NO4 355.43 356.1 11

2,3-dimethoxy-5,6,7,8,14,14a-hexahydro-11H-1,3-dioxoleno[4,5-g]isoquinolino[2,1-b]isoquinoline C20H21NO4 339.39 340.1 12

(13S,13aR)-13-ethyl-2,3,10,11-tetramethoxy-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydroisoquinolino[2,1-b]isoquinoline C23H29NO4 383.48 384.2 13

(13R,13aR)-13-ethyl-2,3,10,11-tetramethoxy-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydroisoquinolino[2,1-b]isoquinoline C23H29NO4 383.48 384.2 14

(13R,13aR)-2,3-dimethoxy-8-oxo-5,6,7,13,13a-pentahydroisoquinolino[2,1-b]isoquinoline-13-carboxylicacid C20H19NO5 353.37 354.1 15

(13S,13aR)-2,3-dimethoxy-8-oxo-5,6,7,13,13a-pentahydroisoquinolino[2,1-b]isoquinoline-13-carboxylicacid C20H19NO5 353.37 354.1 16

2,3,11-trimethoxy-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydroisoquinolino[2,1-b]isoquinolin-10-ol C20H23NO4 341.40 342.1 17

2,3,10-trimethoxy-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydroisoquinolino[2,1-b]isoquinolin-11-ol C20H23NO4 341.40 342.1 18

8,9-dimethoxy-6,11,12,13,6a-pentahydro-2H-1,3-dioxoleno[4,5-h]isoquinolino[2,1-b]isoquinolin-14-one C20H17NO5 351.10 352.0 19

8,9-dimethoxy-6,11,12,13,14,6a-hexahydro-2H-1,3-dioxoleno[4,5-h]isoquinolino[2,1-b]isoquinoline C20H21NO4 339.14 340.1 20

13-ethyl-2,3,9,10-tetramethoxy-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydroisoquinolino[2,1-b]isoquinoline C23H29NO4 383.49 402.1[M⁺ + 1 + H₂O] 21

12-bromo-2,3,9-trimethoxy-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydroisoquinolino[2,1-b]isoquinoline C20H22BrNO3 404.31 403.9, 405.9 22

2,3,9-trimethoxy-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydroisoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinoline C20H23NO3 325.41 326.1 23

10-methoxy-9-(phenylmethoxy)-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydro-2H-1,3-dioxolano[4,5-g]isoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinoline C26H25NO4 415.48 416.0 24

10-methoxy-9-{[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]meth-oxy}-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydro-2H-1,3-dioxolano[4,5-g]isoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinoline C27H24F3NO5 499.48 500.0 25

9-[(3-chlorophenyl)methoxy]-10-methoxy-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydro-2H-1,3-dioxolano[4,5-g]isoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinoline C26H24ClNO4 449.93 450.0, 452.0 26

10-methoxy-9-[(2-nitrophenyl)methoxy]-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydro-2H-1,3-dioxolano[4,5-g]isoquinolino[3,2-a]isquinoline C26H24N2O6 460.48 461.0 27

10-methoxy-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydro-2H-1,3-dioxolano[4,5-g]isoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinolin-9-ylcyclopentanesulfonate C24H27NO6S 457.54 458.1 28

10-methoxy-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydro-2H-1,3-dioxolano[4,5-g]isoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinolin-9-ylbenzylsulfonate C26H25NO6S 479.54 480.0 29

9-ethoxy-10-methoxy-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydro-2H-1,3-dioxolano[4,5-g]isoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinoline C21H23NO4 353.41 354.1 30

1-(9,10-dimethoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2H-1,3-dioxolano[4,5-g]isoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinolin-8-yl)acetone C23H23NO5 393.43 336.0[M⁺ + 1-acetone] 31

(13S,13aR)-9,10-dimethoxy-13-benzyl-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydro-2H-1,3-dioxolano[4,5-g]isoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinoline C27H27NO4 429.51 430.1 32

(13aS,13R)-9,10-dimethoxy-13-benzyl-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydro-2H-1,3-dioxolano[4,5-g]isoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinoline C27H27NO4 429.51 430.1 33

9,10-dimethoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2H-1,3-dioxolano[4,5-g]isoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinoline-8-carbonitrile C21H18N2O4 362.38 336.0[M⁺ − CN] 34

10-methoxy-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydro-2H-1,3dioxolano[4,5-g]isoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinolin-9-ol C19H19NO4 325.13 326.0 35

9,10-dimethoxy-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydro-2H-1,3-dioxolano[4,5-g]isoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinoline-N-oxide C20H21NO5 355.38 356.0 36

9,10-dimethoxy-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydro-2H-1,3-dioxolano[4,5-g]isoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinoline-8-carboxamide C21H22N2O5 382.41 383.0 37

10-methoxy-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydro-2H-1,3-dioxolano[4,5-g]isoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinolin-9-yl-4-phenylbenzenesulfonate C31H27NO6S 541.61 542.0 38

10-methoxy-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydro-2H-1,3-dioxolano[4,5-g]isoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinolin-9-yl-4-(tert-butyl)benzenesulfonate C29H31NO6S 521.62 522.1 39

10-methoxy-9-(methylethoxy)-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydro-2H-1,3-dioxolano[4,5-g]isoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinoline C22H25NO4 367.44 368.1 41

(10-methoxy(5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydro-2H-1,3-dioxolano[4,5-g]isoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinolin-9-yloxy))-N-(methylethyl)carboxamide C23H26N2O5 410.46 411.1 42

10-methoxy-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydro-2H-1,3-dioxolano[4,5-g]isoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinolin-9-yl 4-methoxybenzenesulfonate C26H25NO7S 495.54 496.0 43

(10-methoxy(5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydro-2H-1,3-dioxolano[4,5-g]isoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinolin-9-yloxy))-N,N-dimethylcarboxamide C22H24N2O5 396.44 397.1 44

(10-methoxy(5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydro-2H-1,3-dioxolano[4,5-g]isoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinolin-9-yloxy))-N-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]carboxamide C27H23F3N2O6 528.41 529.1 45

N-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)(10-methoxy(5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydro-2H-1,3-dioxolano[4,5-g]isoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinolin-9-yloxy))carboxamide C28H28N2O7 504.53 505.1 46

(10-methoxy(5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydro-2H-1,3-dioxolano[4,5-g]isoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinolin-9-yloxy))-N-(3-methylphenyl)carboxamide C27H26N2O5 458.51 459.1 47

(10-methoxy(5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydro-2H-1,3-dioxolano[4,5-g]isoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinolin-9-yloxy))-N-[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]carboxamide C27H23F3N2O5 512.48 513.0 48

10-methoxy-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydro-2H-1,3-dioxoalano[4,5-g]isoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinolin-9-ylethoxyformate C22H23NO6 397.42 398.1 49

10-methoxy-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydro-2H-1,3-dioxolano[4,5-g]isoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinolin-9-yl 2chloro-4-fluorobenzenesulfonate C25H21ClFNO6S 517.95 517.9, 519.9 50

10-methoxy-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydro-2H-1,3-dioxolano[4,5-g]isoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinolin-9-yl 2-methylbenzenesulfonate C26H25NO6S 479.54 480.0 51

10-methoxy-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydro-2H-1,3-dioxolano[4,5-g]isoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinolin-9-yl 2-fluorobenzenesulfonate C25H22FNO6S 483.51 484.0 52

10-methoxy-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydro-2H-1,3-dioxolano[4,5-g]isoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinolin-9-yl 3-fluorobenzenesulfonate C25H22FNO6S 483.51 484.0 53

10-methoxy-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydro-2H-1,3-dioxolano[4,5-g]isoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinolin-9-yl 3,4-difluorobenzenesulfonate C25H21F2NO6S 501.50 502.0 54

10-methoxy-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydro-2H-1,3-dioxolano[4,5-g]isoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinolin-9-yl benzoate C26H23NO5 429.46 430.0 55

10-methoxy-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydro-2H-1,3-dioxolano[4,5-g]isoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinolin-9-yl(phenylmethoxy)formate C27H25NO6 459.49 460.1 56

10-methoxy-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydro-2H-1,3-dioxolano[4,5-g]isoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinolin-9-yl thiophene-2-sulfonate C23H21NO6S2 471.55 472.0 57

10-methoxy-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydro-2H-1,3-dioxolano[4,5-g]isoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinolin-9-yl 4-methylbenzenesulfonate C26H25NO6S 479.54 480.0 58

10-methoxy-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydro-2H-1,3-dioxolano[4,5-g]isoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinolin-9-yl 4-fluorobenzenesulfonate C25H22FNO6S 483.51 484.0 59

10-methoxy-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydro-2H-1,3-dioxolano[4,5-g]isoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinolin-9-yl 2,4-difluorobenzenesulfonate C25H21F2NO6S 501.50 502.0 60

10-methoxy-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydro-2H-1,3-dioxolano[4,5-g]isoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinolin-9-yl 3-methylbenzenesulfonate C26H25NO6S 479.54 480.0 61

(10-methoxy(5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydro-2H-1,3-dioxolano[4,5-g]isoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinolin-9-yloxy))-N-benzamide C26H24N2O5 444.48 445.0 62

10-methoxy-9-propoxy-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydro-2H-1,3-dioxolano[4,5-g]isoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinoline C22H25NO4 367.44 368.1 63

10-methoxy-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydro-2H-1,3-dioxolano[4,5-g]isoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinolin-9-yl 3-nitrobenzenesulfonate C25H22N2O8S 510.52 511.0 64

2,3,10-trimethoxy-9-(phenylmethoxy)-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydroisoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinoline C27H29NO4 431.52 432.1 65

10-methoxy-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydro-2H-1,3-dioxolano[4,5-g]isoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinolin-9-yl 4-nitrobenzenesulfonate C25H22N2O8S 510.52 511.0 66

10-methoxy-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydro-2H-1,3-dioxolano[4,5-g]isoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinolin-9-yl quinoine-8-sulfonate C28H24N2O6S 516.56 517.0 67

[3,9,10-trimethoxy-5,8,13,13a-tetrahydro-6H-isoquino[3,2-a]isoquinolin-3-yl]-5-(2-oxo-hexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl)pentanoic ester C30H37N3O6S 567.24 568.3 68

2-[3,9,10-trimethoxy-5,8,13,13a-tetrahydro-6H-isoquino[3,2-a]isoquinolin-3-yl]-acetic acid C22H25NO6 399.17 400.2 69

9-benzenesulfonyloxy-10-methoxy-5,8,13,13a-tetrahydro-6H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquino[3,2-a]isoquinoline C25H23NO6S 465.12 466.2 70

9-benzoxy-10-methoxy-5,8,13,13a-tetrahydro-6H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquino[3,2-a]isoquinoline C20H21NO6S 403.11 404.1 71

9-methanesulfonyloxy-10-methoxy-5,8,13,13a-tetrahydro-6H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquino[3,2-a]isoquinoline C20H21NO6S 403.11 404.1 72

9-benzenesulfonyloxy-10-methoxy-5,8,13,13a-tetrahydro-6H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquino[3,2-a]isoquinoline C25H24ClNO6S 466.13 466.2 73

10-methoxy-5-8-13-13a-tetrahydro-6H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquino[3,2-a]isoquinoline-9-ol C19H19NO4 325.13 326.2 74

9-O-3-(1'-bromo-propyl)-10-methoxy-5,8,13,13a-tetrahydro-6H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquino[3,2-a]isoquinoline C22H24BrNO4 445.09 446.2 75

9-hydroxy-10-methoxy-5,6-dihydro-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquino[3,2-a]isoquinolinylium C19H16ClNO4 357.08 323.1 76

9-O-3-(1'-bromo-propyl)-10-methoxy-5,6-dihydro-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquino[3,2-a]isoquinolinylium C22H21BrClNO4 479.03 443.9 77

5,8,13,13a-Tetrahydro-6H-isoquino[3,2-a]isoquinoline-2,3,9,10-tetraol; hydrobromide C17H18BrNO4 379.04 298.3 78

13-methyl-5,8,13,13a-Tetrahydro-6H-isoquino[3,2-a]isoquinoline-2,3,9,10-tetraol;hydrobromide C18H20BrNO4 393.06 313.8 79

9-benzenesulfonyloxy-10-methoxy-5,6-dihydro-[1,3]dioxolo[3,2-a]isoquinolinylium C25H20ClNO6S 497.07 462.2 80

9-methanesulfonyloxy-10-methoxy-5,6-dihydro-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquino[3,2-a]isoquinolinylium C20H18ClNO6S 435.05 399.5 81

9-benzoxy-10-methoxy-5,6-dihydro-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquino[3,2-a]isoquinolinylium C26H20ClNO5 461.1 426.1 82

9-O-2-(1'-hydroxy-ethyl)-10-methoxy-5,8,13,13a-tetrahydro-6H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquino[3,2-a]isoquinoline C21H23NO5 369.16 370.1 83

2-[10-methoxy-5,8,13,13a-tetrahydro-6H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquino[3,2-a]isoquinoline-9-yl]-acetic esate C23H25NO6 411.7 412.2 84

9-(4-chloro-benzenesulfonyloxy)-10-methoxy-5,8,13,13a-tetrahydro-6H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquino[3,2-a]isoquinoline C25H22ClNO6S 499.09 500.3 85

9-(4-trifluoromethyl-benzenesulfonyloxy)-10-methoxy-5,8,13,13a-tetrahydro-6H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquino[3,2-a]isoquinoline C26H22F3NO6S 533.52 534.2 86

9-(3,4-dimethoxy-benzenesulfonyloxy)-10-methoxy-5,8,13,13a-tetrahydro-6H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquino[3,2-a]isoquinoline C27H27NO8S 525.57 526.3 87

9-(4-methylsulfonyl-benzenesulfonyloxy)-10-methoxy-5,8,13,13a-tetrahydro-6H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquino[3,2-a]isoquinoline C26H25NO8S2 543.61 544.3 88

9-O-2-(1′-morpholine-ethyl)-10-methoxy-5,8,13,13a-tetrahydro-6H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquino[3,2-a]isoquinoline C25H30N2O5 438.52 439.2 89

10-methoxy-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydro-2H-1,3-dioxolano[4,5-g]isoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinolin-9-yl 5-(dimethylamino)naphthalenesulfonate C31H30N2O6S 558.64 559.1 90

10-methoxy-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydro-2H-1,3-dioxolano[4,5-g]isoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinolin-9-yl(trifluoromethyl)sulfonate C20H18F3NO6S 457.42 458.0 91

2,3,10-trimethoxy-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydroisoquinolino[2,1-b]isoquinollin-9-ylbenzenesulfonate C26H27NO6S 481.56 482.0 92

10-methoxy-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydro-2H-1,3-dioxolano[4,5-g]isoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinoline C19H19NO3 309.36 310.0 93

10-methoxy-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydro-2H-1,3-dioxolano[4,5-g]isoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinolin-9-yl 2-(acetylamino)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-sulfonate C25H25N3O7S2 543.61 543.9 94

10-methoxy-9-(3-methyl-5-nitro(2-pyridyl)oxy)-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydro-2H-1,3-dioxolano[4,5-g]isoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinoline C25H23N3O6 461.47 462.0 95

2,10-dimethoxy-3-(phenylmethoxy)-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydroisoquinolino [2,1-b]isoquinolin-9-ylbenzenesulfonate C32H31NO6S 557.66 558.0 96

10-methoxy-9-(5-nitro(2-pyridyl)oxy)-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydro-2H-1,3-dioxolano[4,5-g]isoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinoline C24H21N3O6 447.40 448.0 97

10-methoxy-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydro-2H-1,3-dioxolano[4,5-g]isoquinolino [3,2-a]isoquinolin-9-yl thiophene-2-sulfonate hydrochloride C23H22ClNO6S2 508.00 471.9 98

10-methoxy-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydro-2H-1,3-dioxolano[4,5-g]isoquinolino [3,2-a]isoquinolin-9-yl 3-fluorobenzenesulfonate hydrochloride C25H23ClFNO6S2 519.96 484.0 99

10-methoxy-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydro-2H-1,3-dioxolano[4,5-g]isoquinolino [3,2-a]isoquinolin-9-yl 3,4-difluorobenzenesulfonate hydrochloride C25H22ClF2NO6S 537.95 502.0 100

6-(10-methoxy (5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydro-2H-1,3-dioxolano[4,5-g]isoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinolin-9-yloxy))-5-methyl-3-pyridylamine C25H25N3O4 431.48 432.1 101

10-methoxy-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydro-2H-1,3-dioxolano[4,5-g]isoquinolino [3,2-a]isoquinolin-9-yl pyridine-3-sulfonate C24H22N2O6S 466.51 467.0 102

3-Hydroxy-2,10-dimethoxy-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydroisoquinolino[2,1-b]isoquinolin-9-ylbenzenesulfonate C25H25NO6S 467.53 468.0 103

2,10-Dimethoxy-8-prop-2-enyl-3-prop-2-enyloxy-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydroisoquinolino[2,1-b]isoquinolin-9-ylbenzenesulfonate C31H33NO6S 547.66 548.1 104

10-methoxy-5,6,7,8,13,13a-hexahydro-2H-1,3-dioxolano[4,5-g]isoquinolino [3,2-a]isoquinolin-9-yl 3-fluorobenzenesulfonatehydrochloride C25H23ClFNO6S 519.97 512.0 105

9-O-2-(1′-phenylsulfonyl-ethyl)-10-methoxy-5,8,13,13a-tetrahydro-6H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquino[3,2-a]isoquinoline C27H27NO6S 493.57 494.3 *unless a different ion is indicated **molecular weight of free base

Example 10 Pharmacokinetics of CRDL

The plasma concentration of CRDL was determined in male hamsters following intravenous or oral administration. Hamsters were given CRDL at 2 mg/kg i.v. or 20 mg/kg p.o. Blood samples were collected at the indicated time points and the plasma was isolated. Concentrations of CRDL in plasma samples were determined by HPLC analysis, and the results are presented in Table 6 and FIGS. 7-8. Calculated pharmacokinetic parameters are presented in Table 7. CRDL had a relatively short half life (1.4 hr) and high clearance (5.6 L/hr/kg liver blood flow). It was also absorbed very quickly (T_(max)˜0.25 hr) and had a good exposure (F˜30%).

TABLE 6 Plasma Concentration of CRDL in Male Hamsters Following Intravenous and Oral Administration Time (hr) Concentration in plasma (ng/mL) IV-2 mg/kg H1 H2 H3 Mean S.D. 0 BLQ BLQ BLQ NA NA    0.083 621.33 520.38 641.16 594.29 64.77   0.25 255.56 350.21 318.96 308.25 48.23   0.5 124.95 165.87 130.79 140.54 22.13 1 60.71 69.78 69.09 66.53 5.05 2 23.92 19.37 27.99 23.76 4.31 6 6.34 4.76 4.67 5.25 0.94 24  BLQ BLQ BLQ NA NA PO-20 mg/kg H4 H5 H6 Mean S.D. 0 BLQ BLQ BLQ NA NA   0.25 1263.21 895.64 1308.39 1155.75 226.39   0.75 369.71 164.19 217.42 250.44 106.67 1 254.54 146.76 199.83 200.37 53.89 2 98.97 62.78 81.27 81.01 18.10 6 14.54 9.66 20.83 15.01 5.60 8 10.93 6.80 18.54 12.09 5.96 24  3.41 2.64 3.12 3.04 0.42

TABLE 7 Selected Pharmacokinetic Parameters of CRDL in Hamsters Following Intravenous and Oral Administration AUC_((0-t)) AUC_((0-∞)) MRT_((0-∞)) t_(1/2z) T_(max) Vz CLz C_(max) μg/L * hr μg/L * hr hr hr hr L/kg L/hr/kg μg/L F % IV (2 mg/kg) H1 335.91 351.09 1.17 1.66 0.08 13.64 5.70 621.33 H2 336.84 345.02 0.94 1.19 0.08 9.96 5.80 520.38 H3 364.46 373.56 0.98 1.35 0.08 10.44 5.35 641.16 mean 345.74 356.55 1.03 1.40 0.08 11.35 5.62 594.29 SD 16.22 15.03 0.12 0.24 0.00 2.00 0.23 64.77 PO (20 mg/kg) H4 1188.19 1232.21 3.41 8.94 0.25 NA NA 1263.21 34.56 H5 756.88 794.56 3.96 10.13 0.25 NA NA 895.64 22.28 H6 1154.55 1183.46 3.37 6.43 0.25 NA NA 1308.39 33.19 mean 1033.21 1070.08 3.58 8.50 0.25 NA NA 1155.75 30.01 SD 239.89 239.85 0.33 1.89 0.00 NA NA 226.39 6.73 NA: Not applicable

Example 11 Evaluation of Pharmacokinetics of New Compound 72 Enantiomers in Male Wister Rats Following Intravenous and Oral Administration

The objective of this study was to collect plasma samples from male Wister rats at various time points following intravenous and oral administration of test compounds (72(+) and 72(−)). These samples were used later for the determination of plasma compound levels by LC/MS/MS for estimating pharmacokinetic parameters.

Male Wister rats (body weight: 100 to 200 g) were used in this study. Before the pharmacokinetic studies, animals were randomly assigned to 4 groups (3 animals per timepoint). The treatment condition is shown in Table 8.

For intravenous administration, blood samples were collected via retro-orbital puncture into heparinized tubes at pre-dose and 0.083, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 6, 8, and 24 hours (hr) post-dose.

For oral administration, blood samples were collected at following time points: 0, 0.167, 0.417, 0.75, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 24 hr. After sample collection, plasma samples were stored at −20° C. until bioanalysis. Concentrations of 72(+) and 72(−) in plasma samples were determined using a high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS) method.

Table 9 lists selected non compartmental pharmacokinetic parameters of enantiomer 72(+) in male rats following intravenous and oral administration. Table 10 lists selected non compartmental pharmacokinetic parameters of enantiomer 72(−) in male rats following intravenous and oral administration.

Collectively, these results indicate that both enantiomers of new compound 72 are relatively stable with half-lives of systemic clearance >2.5 hours and bioavailability higher than 45%. The bioavailability (F*) was calculated by applying the following formula:

*F(%)=(Dose_(iv) ×AUC _(oral(0-t)))/(Dose_(oral) ×AUC _(iv(0-t)))×100%.

TABLE 8 Experimental Design Treatment Number of Dose Dose Dose Animals Level Conc Volume Dosing Group Male Test Article (mg/kg) (mg/ml) (mL/kg) Vehicle Route 1 3 72(+) 1 0.5 2 1% DMSO in 0.1 M IV phosphate buffer, pH 3.0 2 3 72(+) 5 0.5 10 1% DMSO in 0.1 M PO phosphate buffer, pH 3.0 3 3 72(−) 1 0.5 2 1% DMSO in 0.1 M IV phosphate buffer, pH 3.0 4 3 72(−) 5 0.5 10 1% DMSO in 0.1 M PO phosphate buffer, pH 3.0 buffer, pH 3.0)

Example 12 In vivo Studies for (14R)-THP

To determine whether the induction of hepatic LDLR expression by corydalis-derived compounds would result in total cholesterol (TC) and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-c) reductions in plasma, hypercholesterolemic hamsters were used as an animal model.

In one experiment, 10 Golden Syrian male hamsters under a high cholesterol (HC) diet were divided into 2 groups. One group was treated with (14R)-THP at a daily dose of 12 mg/kg by intra peritoneal (i.p.) injection and the control group received equal amount of vehicle by i.p. FIG. 9A shows the serum lipid levels of control and (14R)-THP treatment groups after 34 days of drug treatment. (14R)-THP reduced plasma TC by 31.6%, TG by 35.93%, and non-HDL-c by 35.95% compared to the untreated control group. No adverse effects were observed during the treatment period. FIG. 9B shows that gains of body weight during the treatment period were very similar in control and drug-treated groups.

Example 13 In vivo Studies for (14R,13S)-CRDL

In another experiment, 18 Golden Syrian male hamsters under a high cholesterol (HC) diet were divided into two treatment groups of i.p. One group was treated with (14R,13S)-CRDL at a daily dose of 10 mg/kg and the control group received equal amount of vehicle. FIG. 10A shows the plasma lipid levels of different groups after 17 days of drug treatment. (14R,13S)-CRDL reduced plasma TC by 41.9%, TG by 46.0%, and non-HDL-c by 50% compared to the untreated group.

The HC diet markedly damaged the liver function of the hamsters, which was evident by elevated alanine aminotransaminase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransaminase (AST) in blood. (14R,13S)-CRDL treatment ameliorated the liver function under the HC diet and lowered the serum level of ALT by 60% and lowered the serum level of AST by 30% compared to control (FIG. 10B). FIG. 10C showed that the blood levels of urea nitrogen (BUN) and glucose were not changed, while the level of creatinine (CREA) was reduced by 20% (p<0.001). Again, no adverse effects were observed during the drug treatment.

Example 14 Lipid Lowering Effects of (14R,13S)-CRDL Hydrochloride Salt in Wister Rats

Male Wister rats were used as another animal model to examine the in vivo effects of (14R,13S)-CRDL in plasma lipid levels.

In one experiment, 18 Wister male rats under a high fat and high cholesterol diet were divided into 2 groups. One group was given (14R,13S)-CRDL hydrochloride salt orally at a daily dose of 75 mg/kg by an orogastric tube for 4 weeks, and the control group received daily treatment of equal amount of vehicle (0.1 M sodium phosphate, pH 3.5). Serum lipid levels were measured weekly. CRDL treatment resulted in a strong time-dependent reduction of serum lipid levels.

FIG. 11A shows that CRDL treatment lowered TC to 33.8% compared to the control group and to 33.0% of the pretreatment level.

FIG. 11B shows that the LDL-c level was reduced by CRDL to 25.6% of control, and to 22.4% of day 0 by CRDL treatment.

FIG. 11C shows that the TG level was decreased to 29% of the control and to 27% of the pretreatment level (day 0).

No any adverse effects were observed during the entire treatment. At the end of treatment, Rats were sacrificed and blood and sera were collected to measure several critical parameters for liver function and kidney function. FIG. 11D showed that the serum levels of AST and ALT were statistically lower in CRDL-treated group than control group, indicating that liver function was not damaged and was improved instead with statistical significance. Kidney function and blood glucose level were not changed by the treatment (FIG. 11E).

Example 15 Body-Weight-Reducing Effect of (4R,13S)-CRDL Hydrochloride Salt in Wister Rats

The food intake and body weight gains were measured every week during the 4-week treatment period. FIG. 12A shows the food intake during the treatment. In the first week, the amount of food consumed was decreased in CRDL-treated group. However, the food intake in CRDL-treated group was increased to the same amount as the control group in the second week and maintained at the level similar to the control group through the rest of treatment times. FIG. 12B shows the changes of body weight during the treatment period. Interestingly, while the control group gained 31% of their body weight from 260.5 g to 341.5 g during the 4-weeks fed high fat and high cholesterol diet, the body weights of Wister rats in CRDL-treated group have maintained constant under the same high fat and high cholesterol diet through the treatment duration. The ability of CRDL to activate AMPK signaling pathway to increase energy expenditure and to reduce fat accumulation likely contributes to this weight reducing effect.

In-Vitro Study Results Example 16 Upregulation of LDLR mRNA Expression in Human Hepatoma Derived Cell Line HepG2 by 6 Active Compounds Derived from Corydalis Genus that are all d-(+) Enantiomers A: Compound Structures

B: Biological Activity

HepG2 cells obtained from American Tissue Culture Collection (Manassas, Va., USA) were seeded in 6-well culture plates at a density of 0.8×10⁶ cells/well cultured in EMEM containing 0.5% FBS and were treated with each purified compound at indicated doses for 8 hours. Total RNA was isolated, and 2 μg per sample was reverse transcribed with random primers using M-MLV (Promega) at 37° C. for 1 hour. PCR was carried out at 94° C. for 30 sec, 60° C. for 30 sec, and 72° C. for 30 sec with initial activation of the enzyme at 94° C. for 1 minute. Thirty cycles were performed for LDLR and GAPDH. PCR was performed using primers HLDLR-up and HLDLR-lo for LDLR and primers HGAPDH-up and HGAPDH-lo for GAPDH. The PCR products were separated on a 1% agarose gel and the band intensity was quantitated. LDLR mRNA levels were corrected by measuring GAPDH mRNA levels.

The potent and dose-dependent effects of (+)-CLMD, 14R-(+)-CRPM, 14R,13S-(+)-CRDL, and 14R-(+)-THP on LDLR mRNA expression in HepG2 cells by a semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis are shown in FIG. 3.

Specific stereochemical requirements of +/−THP in the upregulation of LDLR mRNA expression were determined by a similar experiment. HepG2 cells were treated with the pure 14R-(+)-THP or the pure 14S-(−)-THP at the indicated concentrations for 24 hours. The levels of LDLR mRNA and GAPDH mRNA in untreated and the compound-treated HepG2 cells were assessed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. The results are as shown in FIG. 4.

In yet another experiment, HepG2 cells were treated with various compounds for 24 hours at the indicated doses. Total RNA was isolated and 2 μg was used to generate cDNA in a reaction containing random primers and M-MLV at 37° C. for 1 hour in a volume of 25 μl. Real-time PCR was performed on the cDNA using MCEP REALPLEX 2 SYSTEM (Eppendorf) and Universal MasterMix (Applied Biosystems). Human LDLR and GAPDH Pre-Developed TaqMan Assay Reagents (Applied Biosystems) were used to assess the levels of mRNA expressions in HepG2. The levels of LDLR mRNA were normalized to that of GAPDH. Each RNA samples was assayed in triplicate. The abundance of LDLR mRNA in untreated cells was defined as 1, and the amounts of LDLR mRNA from compound-treated cells were plotted relative to that value in FIG. 13. The data shown are mean±s.d. The results showed that all 6 compounds with the specific d-(+) enantiomeric configurations elevated LDLR mRNA levels in a dose-dependent manner.

Example 17 Stimulation of LDLR Ligand Uptake Activity in HepG2 Cells by Corydalis-Derived Compounds and by Some New Compounds of Formula I, II, III, and IV

HepG2 cells (2×10⁵ cells/well) in 24-well culture plates were treated with various compounds at indicated concentrations for 20 hours. The fluorescent 1.1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanin perchlorate (DiI-LDL) (Biomedical Technologies, Stoughton, Mass.) at a concentration of 2 μg/mL was added to cells at the end of treatment. After 4 hours, the medium was removed, cells were washed with cold PBS, and were examined immediately under a fluorescent microscope (Nikon) at 200× amplification. The fluorescent intensity in compound-treated cells was compared to that in untreated control cells. The compound activity was graded as follows: +, slightly increased fluorescent intensity over control; ++ modestly increased fluorescent intensity over control; +++, strongly increased fluorescent intensity over control. The results are summarized below in Table 11. In these experiments berberine chloride was used for comparison.

TABLE 11 Activity on DiI-LDL A, compound dose ≦ 10 μM Compound No. uptake B, compound dose ≦ 40 μM Berberine + B d-(+)-THP ++ B d-(+)-CRPM ++ A d-(+)-CRDL ++ B d-(+)-EGN + A d-(+)-CLMD + B  1 + A 26 ++ A 30 + A 34 ++ A 38 ++ A 41 ++ A 43 ++ A 44 ++ A 45 ++ A 46 ++ A 50 +++ A 56 +++ A 69 +++ A

Example 18

Activities of some compounds of Formulas I, II, III, and IV on LDLR mRNA expression were determined. HepG2 cells were treated with new compounds individually at a dose less than or equal to 10 μM for 24 hours. Total RNA was harvested for quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis using the method described in Example 16B. The fold activity was derived by dividing the amount of normalized LDLR mRNA in compound-treated cells over the amount of LDLR mRNA in untreated control cells. In these experiments, berberine chloride was included for comparison. Results are shown in Table 12.

TABLE 12 Activity on LDLR mRNA expression Compound No. (Fold of control) BBR 1.30 ± 0.11  1 1.56 ± 0.86 26 1.29 ± 0.10 30 1.47 ± 0.13 34 1.76 ± 0.17 37 2.47 ± 0.07 38 1.82 ± 0.10 41 1.60 ± 0.03 43 1.95 ± 0.18 44 2.20 ± 0.06 45 2.09 ± 0.11 46 1.80 ± 0.16 47 1.63 ± 0.09 48 1.45 ± 0.15 50 4.74 ± 0.96 51 3.79 ± 0.33 52 3.63 ± 0.17 53 3.96 ± 0.40 56 3.18 ± 0.63 57 2.62 ± 0.17 58 3.90 ± 0.01 59 3.73 ± 0.10 60 3.46 ± 0.75 61 1.33 ± 0.53 62 0.69 ± 0.02 63 2.94 ± 0.13 64 2.82 ± 0.45 65 2.58 ± 0.46 66 2.54 ± 0.06 69 2.21 ± 0.09 85 1.42 ± 0.30 86 2.48 ± 0.62 88 1.93 ± 0.24 89 1.92 ± 0.40 90 1.21 ± 0.07 91 3.77 ± 0.20 92 1.52 ± 0.07 93 1.42 ± 0.16 94 1.22 ± 0.18 95 1.43 ± 0.04 96 1.33 ± 0.05 100  1.44 ± 0.59 101  1.97 ± 0.00

Example 19 Dual Activations of ERK and AMPK Signaling Pathways by the Genus of Corydalis Derived Active Compounds

HepG2 cells cultured in 60-mm dishes were treated with various compounds at a concentration of 15 μg/ml for 2 hours. Total cell lysate was isolated and 50 μg of protein was separated on SDS-PAGE and transferred to nitrocellulose membrane. Western blot was performed using anti-phosphorylated ERK and anti-phosphorylated AMPK antibodies to detect the activation of ERK and AMPK. The membranes were probed again with anti-ERK and anti-AMPK antibodies to demonstrate equal loadings of proteins. The results in FIG. 14 show that the levels of phosphorylated and activated ERK and AMPK were significantly increased in compound-treated cells as compared to untreated control cells.

Western blot analysis was performed to determine the activation of ERK in HepG2 cells by 14R,13S-(+)-CRDL and 14R-(+)-THP. HepG2 cells were treated with 20 μg/mL 14R,13S-(+)-CRDL and 14R-(+)-THP respectively for 0.5, 2, or 8 hours. Cells were then lysed. After protein quantitation using the BCA™ protein assay reagent (PIERCE), 50 μg protein from each sample was subjected to SDS-PAGE, followed by Western blotting using anti-phosphorylated ERK (Cell Signaling) and subsequently reprobed with antibody against β-actin. Results are as shown in FIG. 5.

FIG. 6 shows Western blot analysis of the induction of ACC phosphorylation by 14R-(+)-THP. HepG2 cells were treated with 20 μg/ml 14R-(+)-THP for 0.5, 2, or 8 hours. Cells were lysed, and 50 μg protein from each sample was subjected to SDS-PAGE, followed by Western blotting using anti-phosphorylated ACC (Cell Signaling) and subsequently reprobed with antibody against β-actin.

Example 20 Reduction of Cellular Triglyceride Content by Corydalis Derived Active Compounds

HepG2 cells seeded in 12-well plate were untreated or treated with various active compounds (20 μg/ml) for 24 hours. After treatment, cells were washed by Tris Buffer (75 μM NaCl, 50 μM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4) twice, and cellular lipids were extracted by 1 ml hexane:isopropanol (3:2) twice. The extractions were evaporated in a chemical hood overnight. Next day, the dried lipids were dissolved in 100 μl isopropanol containing 10% Triton-X100. Ten μl per sample was used for TG measurements with the commercial available kit obtained from Stanbio. To normalize the TG content with cellular protein, after lipid extraction, the cells were lysed in 0.1N NaOH to determine protein concentrations using BCA Protein Assay Reagent (Pierce). The results (FIG. 15) show that the total cellular TG contents were reduced by the compound treatments compared to control. It has been demonstrated that AMPK activation stimulates energy expenditure and reduces TG synthesis. The activated AMPK in compound treated cells may account for the reduced TG content in cells that were treated with these compounds.

Example 21 Demonstration of Reduction of Intracellular Triglyceride in HepG2 Cells Treated with Some of the NCEs

Berberine chloride was used for comparison. The amount of TG in untreated control cells was defined as 100% and the amounts of TG in compound-treated cells were divided to that value. Results are shown in Table 13.

TABLE 13 A, compound Activity on reduction of dose ≦ 10 μM Compound cellular TG accumulation B, compound No. (% of control) dose ≦ 40 μM Control 100 Berberine 70.9 ± 5.4  B 69 60.4 ± 7.34 A 82 53.2 ± 21.3 B 83 63.0 ± 0.90 B 22 53.35 ± 12.68 B 91 71.17 ± 2.23  B

Example 22 Examination of Effects of Statins on LDLR mRNA Expression and Cellular TG Contents in HepG2 Cells

HepG2 cells were treated with simvastatin at the indicated concentrations for 24 hours. After the treatment, a portion of cells was harvested for total RNA, and another portion of cells was used for TG measurement. The LDLR mRNA levels were assessed by semi quantitative RT-PCR, and the cellular TG content was determined as described above. The results in FIG. 16 show that simvastatin dose-dependently increased LDLR mRNA levels but failed to lower cellular TG content.

Example 23 Examination of the Combined Effects of Statins and d-(+)-THP on LDLR mRNA Expression

To determine whether the stimulatory effects of statins on LDLR gene expression could be enhanced by corydalis-derived active compounds, HepG2 cells were untreated or treated with a low dose of simvastatin (Simv) or fluvastatin (Fluv) respectively in the absence or the presence of d-(+) THP, or treated with low concentrations of d-(+) THP alone for 24 hours. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR was conducted, and triplicate was assayed in each RNA sample. Results are shown in FIG. 17. The data are mean value of triplicates. These data demonstrate that activities of statins on upregulation of LDLR expression were not inhibited by d-(+) THP. Instead, addition of d-(+) THP to statin-treated cells further improved the stimulatory effects of statins on LDLR mRNA expression. These preliminary results suggested that corydalis-derived active compounds of natural origins or synthetic origins have potentials to be used in combinational therapies with HMG CoA reductase inhibitors to treat hyperlipidemic patients.

Example 24 Effect of Compounds of Invention on PCSK9 mRNA Expression

The effects of compounds of Formula I, II, III, and IV on the inhibition of PCSK9 mRNA expression was examined (Horton J D, Cohen J C, Hobbs H H. “Molecular biology of PCSK9: its role in LDL metabolism” TRENDS in Biochemical Sciences 2007; 32:71-77; Cameron J, Ranheim T, Kulseth M A, Leren T P, Berge K E. “Berberine decreases PCSK9 expression in HepG2 cells” Atherosclerosis, 2008 online publication). HepG2 cells were treated with new compounds individually at 10 uM dose for 24 hours. Total RNA was harvested for quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis using method described in Example 16B. The fold activity was derived by dividing the amount of normalized PCSK9 mRNA in compound-treated cells over the amount of PCSK9 mRNA in untreated control cells. In these experiments, berberine chloride (10 uM) was included for comparison (see FIG. 18). These results showed that these new compounds strongly inhibit the mRNA expression of PCSK9, thereby providing another means to increase LDLR expression by reducing PCSK9-mediated degradation of LDLR protein.

Example 25 Comparisons of Simvastatin and New Compound 91 on LDLR and PCSK9 mRNA Expressions

HepG2 cells were treated with simvastatin or compound 91 at the indicated concentrations for 24 hours. Total RNA was harvested for quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis using method described in Examples 16B. The fold activity was derived by dividing the amount of normalized LDLR or PCSK9 mRNA in compound-treated cells over the amount of LDLR or PCSK9 mRNA in untreated control cells. These results as shown in FIG. 19A and FIG. 19B demonstrated that the new compound 91 dose-dependently increases LDLR mRNA expression but inhibits the PCSK9 mRNA expression, whereas simvastatin increases both LDLR and PCSK9 mRNA expression.

Example 26 Assessment of Stability of New Compound 69 Under Cell Culture Conditions

HepG2 cells were cultured in 6-well cell culture plate in EMEM containing 0.5% FBS overnight. Compound 69+ was added to the culture medium to a final concentration of 20 μM. Medium was collected at 0 (control), 4, 8, or 24 hours after the compound addition.

The collected media were analyzed by LC-MS on a Thermo Fisher Scientific Surveyor HPLC system and LCQ ion trap MS with electrospray ionization source. A 50×2. 1 mm Hypersil Gold C18 3 um column was used with a flow rate of 200 uL/min. The method conditions were 98% A (0.1% formic acid in water)/2% B (0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile) then a gradient to 95% B in 10 minutes. The injection volume was 10 uL.

LC-MS shows that a single peak with elution time of ˜7 of HPLC and a strong signal at 466.1 (M⁺+H) of MS were detected in all medium samples. Table 14 shows the peak area of 69 in medium collected at different time point.

All together, these results suggest the new compound 69 is fairly stable under cell culture conditions and that the stability of the compound is a contributing factor to its strong effect on the upregulation of LDLR expression in HepG2 cells.

TABLE 14 Peak Area m/z 466.1 Sample ID Peak Area m/z 466.1 052008-Ctrl 2.38e8 052008-4h 9.67e7 052008-8h 9.22e7 052008-24h 7.03e7

The disclosures of each and every patent, patent application and publication (for example, journals, articles and/or textbooks) cited herein are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Definitions in Also, as used herein and in the appended claims, singular articles such as “a”, “an” and “one” are intended to refer to singular or plural. While the present invention has been described herein in conjunction with a preferred aspect, a person with ordinary skill in the art, after reading the foregoing specification, can effect changes, substitutions of equivalents and other types of alterations to the compounds of the invention or salts, pharmaceutical compositions, derivatives, prodrugs, metabolites, tautomers or racemic mixtures thereof as set forth herein. Each aspect described above can also have included or incorporated therewith such variations or aspects as disclosed in regard to any or all of the other aspects. The present invention is also not to be limited in terms of the particular aspects described herein, which are intended as single illustrations of individual aspects of the invention. Many modifications and variations of this invention can be made without departing from its spirit and scope, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Functionally equivalent methods within the scope of the invention, in addition to those enumerated herein, will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing descriptions. It is to be understood that this invention is not limited to particular methods, reagents, compounds, compositions, labeled compounds or biological systems, which can, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular aspects only, and is not intended to be limiting. Thus, it is intended that the specification be considered as exemplary only with the breadth, scope and spirit of the invention indicated only by the appended claims, definitions therein and any equivalents thereof. 

1. A method of reducing plasma and/or hepatic lipid levels of a subject in need thereof, which comprises administering to the subject a lipid-lowering effective amount of a compound selected from Formula III or Formula IV,

or stereoisomers thereof, tautomers thereof, solvates thereof, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; wherein R₁ and R₂ are independently —H, —(CH₂)₀₋₆COOR′, —C(O)R″, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heterocyclylalkyl group; or R₁ and R₂ together are a methylene group; R₃ and R₈ are independently —H, —OH, —Cl, —Br, —F, —I, —CN, —NH₂, —C(O)NH₂, —COOH, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, or aralkyl group; R₃′ is H, or R₃ and R₃′ together are an oxo group; R₄ is —H, halogen, —OR′, —OSO₂R″, —OC(O)R″, —OC(O)OR″, —OC(O)NR′R″, —O-alkylene-NR′R′, —O-alkylene-OSO₂R″, —O-alkylene-S(O)₀₋₂R″, —O-alkylene-NR′SO₂R″, —O-alkylene-N(R′)C(O)R′, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group; R₅ and R₆ are independently —H, halogen, —OH, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group; or R₄ and R₅ together are a methylenedioxy group, or R₅ and R₆ together are a methylenedioxy group; R₇ is H, halogen, OH, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or alkoxy group; R₉ is H or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group; each R′ is independently a hydrogen, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heterocyclylalkyl group; each R″ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heterocyclylalkyl group.
 2. A method for treating a disease or condition selected from the group consisting of hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hepatic steatosis and metabolic syndrome, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula III or Formula IV

or stereoisomers thereof, tautomers thereof, solvates thereof, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; wherein R₁ and R₂ are independently —H, —(CH₂)₀₋₆COOR′, —C(O)R″, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heterocyclylalkyl group; or R₁ and R₂ together are a methylene group; R₃ and R₈ are independently —H, —OH, —Cl, —Br, —F, —I, —CN, —NH₂, —C(O)NH₂, —COOH, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, or aralkyl group; R₃′ is —H, or R₃ and R₃′ together are an oxo group; R₄ is —H, halogen, —OR′, —OSO₂R″, —OC(O)R″, —OC(O)OR″, —OC(O)NR′R″, —O-alkylene-NR′R′, —O-alkylene-OSO₂R″, —O-alkylene-S(O)₀₋₂R″, —O-alkylene-NR′SO₂R″, —O-alkylene-N(R′)C(O)R′, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group; R₅ and R₆ are independently —H, halogen, —OH, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group; or R₄ and R₅ together are a methylenedioxy group, or R₅ and R₆ together are a methylenedioxy group; R₇ is —H, halogen, —OH, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or alkoxy group; R₉ is —H or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group; each R′ is independently a hydrogen, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heterocyclylalkyl group; each R″ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heterocyclylalkyl group.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein R₁ and R₂ are independently —H, —(CH₂)₀₋₆COOR′, —C(O)R″, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heterocyclylalkyl group; or R₁ and R₂ together are a methylene group; R₃ and R₈ are independently —H, —OH, —Cl, —Br, —F, —I, —CN, —NH₂, —C(O)NH₂, —COOH, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, or aralkyl group; R₃′ is —H, or R₃ and R₃′ together are an oxo group; R₄ is —H, —OR′, —OSO₂R″, —OC(O)R″, —OC(O)OR″, —OC(O)NR′R″, —O-alkylene-NR′R′, —O-alkylene-OSO₂R″, —O-alkylene-S(O)₀₋₂R″, —O-alkylene-NR′SO₂R″, —O-alkylene-N(R′)C(O)R′, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group; R₅ and R₆ are independently —H, halogen, —OH, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group; or R₄ and R₅ together are a methylenedioxy group, or R₅ and R₆ together are a methylenedioxy group; R⁷ is —H, —Br, —Cl, or —F; each R′ is independently a hydrogen, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heterocyclylalkyl group; each R″ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heterocyclylalkyl group.
 4. The method of claim 2, wherein R₁ and R₂ are independently —H, —(CH₂)₀₋₆COOR′, —C(O)R″, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heterocyclylalkyl group; or R₁ and R₂ together are a methylene group; R₃ and R₈ are independently —H, —OH, —Cl, —Br, —F, —I, —CN, —NH₂, —C(O)NH₂, —COOH, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, or aralkyl group; R₃′ is —H, or R₃ and R₃′ together are an oxo group; R₄ is —H, —OR′, —OSO₂R″, —OC(O)R″, —OC(O)OR″, —OC(O)NR′R″, —O-alkylene-NR′R′, —O-alkylene-OSO₂R″, —O-alkylene-S(O)₀₋₂R″, —O-alkylene-NR′SO₂R″, —O-alkylene-N(R′)C(O)R′, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group; R₅ and R₆ are independently —H, halogen, —OH, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group; or R₄ and R₅ together are a methylenedioxy group, or R₅ and R₆ together are a methylenedioxy group; R⁷ is —H, —Br, —Cl, or —F; each R′ is independently a hydrogen, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heterocyclylalkyl group; each R″ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heterocyclylalkyl group.
 5. The method of claim 3, wherein R₁ and R₂ are independently —H, —(CH₂)₀₋₂COOR′, —C(O)(CH₂)₀₋₂R″, or a unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl group; or R₁ and R₂ together are a methylene group; R₃ and R₃′ are each —H, or R₃ and R₃′ together are an oxo group; R₄ is —H, —OH, or a substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₇₋₁₄ aralkoxy, —OC(O)—(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —OC(O)-(aryl), —OC(O)O-(aryl), —OC(O)—NH-(aryl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NH—(C₂₋₆ alkyl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NH-(tetrahydropyran), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NH-(thiomorpholine dioxide), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NH-(piperidinyl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NH-(piperazinyl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NH-(morpholinyl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NH-(aralkyl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NH-(cyclopropyl), —OSO₂—(C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl), —OSO₂— (aryl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-OSO₂— (aryl), —OSO₂— (aralkyl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-OSO₂— (heteroaryl), —OSO₂—(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —OSO₂— (pyridyl), —OSO₂— (thiazolyl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NHSO₂— (aryl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NHSO₂— (heteroaryl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NHC(O)-(aryl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NHC(O)-(heteroaryl), —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)pyridyl, —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)pyrimidinyl, —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)morpholinyl, —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)thiomorpholinyl, —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)imidazolyl, —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)thienyl, —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)tetrahydropyranyl, —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)tetrahydrofuranyl, —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)pyrrolidinyl, —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)piperidinyl, or —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)piperazinyl group; R₅ and R₆ are independently —H, —OH, or an unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy group; or R₄ and R₅ together are a methylenedioxy group, or R₅ and R₆ together are a methylenedioxy group; and R₈ is —H, —OH, —COOH, or an unsubstituted alkyl or —(CH₂)₁₋₆-phenyl group.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the 14-position of the compound of Formula III or the 1-position of Formula IV is the R-(+) stereochemical configuration.
 7. The method of claim 2, wherein the 14-position of the compound of Formula III or the 1-position of Formula IV is the R-(+) stereochemical configuration.
 8. A method of increasing LDLR expression, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound, whereby LDLR expression in said subject is increased, wherein the compound is selected from Formula III or Formula IV,

or stereoisomers thereof, tautomers thereof, solvates thereof, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; wherein R₁ and R₂ are independently —H, —(CH₂)₀₋₆COOR′, —C(O)R″, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heterocyclylalkyl group; or R₁ and R₂ together are a methylene group; R₃ and R₈ are independently —H, —OH, —Cl, —Br, —F, —I, —CN, —NH₂, —C(O)NH₂, —COOH, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, or aralkyl group; R₃′ is H, or R₃ and R₃′ together are an oxo group; R₄ is —H, halogen, —OR′, —OSO₂R″, —OC(O)R″, —OC(O)OR″, —OC(O)NR′R″, —O-alkylene-NR′R′, —O-alkylene-OSO₂R″, —O-alkylene-S(O)₀₋₂R″, —O-alkylene-NR′SO₂R″, —O-alkylene-N(R′)C(O)R′, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group; R₅ and R₆ are independently —H, halogen, —OH, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group; or R₄ and R₅ together are a methylenedioxy group, or R₅ and R₆ together are a methylenedioxy group; R₇ is H, halogen, OH, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or alkoxy group; R₉ is H or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group; each R′ is independently a hydrogen, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heterocyclylalkyl group; each R″ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heterocyclylalkyl group.
 9. A method of decreasing plasma LDL-cholesterol and/or plasma triglyceride, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound, whereby plasma LDL-cholesterol in said subject is decreased, wherein the compound is selected from Formula III or Formula IV,

or stereoisomers thereof, tautomers thereof, solvates thereof, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; wherein R₁ and R₂ are independently —H, —(CH₂)₀₋₆COOR′, —C(O)R″, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heterocyclylalkyl group; or R₁ and R₂ together are a methylene group; R₃ and R₈ are independently —H, —OH, —Cl, —Br, —F, —I, —CN, —NH₂, —C(O)NH₂, —COOH, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, or aralkyl group; R₃′ is H, or R₃ and R₃′ together are an oxo group; R₄ is —H, halogen, —OR′, —OSO₂R″, —OC(O)R″, —OC(O)OR″, —OC(O)NR′R″, —O-alkylene-NR′R′, —O-alkylene-OSO₂R″, —O-alkylene-S(O)₀₋₂R″, —O-alkylene-NR′SO₂R″, —O-alkylene-N(R′)C(O)R′, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group; R₅ and R₆ are independently —H, halogen, —OH, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group; or R₄ and R₅ together are a methylenedioxy group, or R₅ and R₆ together are a methylenedioxy group; R₇ is H, halogen, OH, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or alkoxy group; R₉ is H or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group; each R′ is independently a hydrogen, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heterocyclylalkyl group; each R″ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heterocyclylalkyl group.
 10. A compound of Formula III,

stereoisomers thereof, tautomers thereof, solvates thereof, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; wherein R₁ and R₂ are independently —H, —(CH₂)₀₋₆COOR′, —C(O)R″, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heterocyclylalkyl group; or R₁ and R₂ together are a methylene group; R₃ and R₈ are independently —H, —OH, —Cl, —Br, —F, —I, —CN, —NH₂, —C(O)NH₂, —COOH, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy or aralkyl group; R₃′ is —H, or R₃ and R₃′ together are an oxo group; R₄ is —H, halogen, —OR′, —OSO₂R″, —OC(O)R″, —OC(O)OR″, —OC(O)NR′R″, —O-alkylene-NR′R′, —O-alkylene-OS₂R″, —O-alkylene-S(O)₀₋₂R″, —O-alkylene-NR′SO₂R″, —O-alkylene-N(R′)C(O)R′, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group; R₅ and R₆ are independently —H, halogen, —OH, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group; or R₄ and R₅ together are a methylenedioxy group, or R₅ and R₆ together are a methylenedioxy group; R₇ is —H, halogen, —OH, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or alkoxy group; each R′ is independently a hydrogen, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heterocyclylalkyl group; each R″ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heterocyclylalkyl group; with the proviso that when R₄ is —H, —OH or a C₁₋₄ alkoxy group, then R₅ is not —H, —OH or a C₁₋₄ alkoxy group; and when R₁ and R₂ are both —CH₃ or when R₁ and R₂ together are a methylene group, then R₅ is not OH or a C₁₋₂ alkoxy group, and R₄ and R₅ together are not a methylenedioxy group; and when R₄ is OC(O)R″, then R₅ is not OC(O)R″ or methoxy.
 11. The compound of claim 10, wherein R₁ and R₂ are independently —H, —(CH₂)₀₋₂COOR′, —C(O)(CH₂)₀₋₂R″, or a unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl group; or R₁ and R₂ together are a methylene group.
 12. The compound of claim 10, wherein, R₁ and R₂ together are a methylene group.
 13. The compound of claim 10, wherein R₃ and R₃′ are each —H, or R₃ and R₃′ together are an oxo group.
 14. The compound of claim 10, wherein R₄ is —H, —OR′, —OSO₂R″, —OC(O)OR″, —OC(O)NR′R″, —O-alkylene-OSO₂R″, or —O-alkylene-NR′R′.
 15. The compound of claim 10, wherein R₄ is —H, —OH, or a substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₇₋₁₄ aralkoxy, —OC(O)—(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —OC(O)-(aryl), —OC(O)O-(aryl), —OC(O)—NH-(aryl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NH—(C₂₋₆ alkyl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NH-(tetrahydropyran), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NH-(thiomorpholine dioxide), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NH-(piperidinyl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NH-(piperazinyl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NH-(morpholinyl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NH-(aralkyl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NH-(cyclopropyl), —OSO₂—(C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl), —OSO₂-(aryl), O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-OSO₂— (aryl), —OSO₂— (aralkyl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-OSO₂— (heteroaryl), —OSO₂—(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —OSO₂-(Pyridyl), —OSO₂— (thiazolyl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NHSO₂— (aryl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NHSO₂— (heteroaryl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NHC(O)-(aryl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NHC(O)-(heteroaryl), —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)pyridyl, —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)pyrimidinyl, —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)morpholinyl, —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)thiomorpholinyl, —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)imidazolyl, —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)thienyl, —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)tetrahydropyranyl, —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)tetrahydrofuranyl, —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)pyrrolidinyl, —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)piperidinyl, or —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)piperazinyl group.
 16. The compound of claim 10, wherein the 14-position in Formula III or the 1-position in Formula IV is the R-(+) stereochemical configuration.
 17. The compound of claim 10, wherein R₅ is OH or unsubstituted alkoxy and R₆ is H.
 18. The compound of claim 10, wherein R₈ is —H, —OH, —COOH, or an unsubstituted alkyl or —(CH₂)₁₋₆-phenyl group.
 19. The compound of claim 10, wherein R₁ and R₂ are independently —H, —(CH₂)₀₋₂COOR′, —C(O)(CH₂)₀₋₂R″, or a unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl group; or R₁ and R₂ together are a methylene group; R₃ and R₃′ are each —H, or R₃ and R₃′ together are an oxo group; R₄ is —H, —OH, or a substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₇₋₁₄ aralkoxy, —OC(O)—(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —OC(O)-(aryl), —OC(O)O-(aryl), —OC(O)—NH-(aryl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NH—(C₂₋₆ alkyl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NH-(tetrahydropyran), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NH-(thiomorpholine dioxide), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NH-(piperidinyl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NH-(piperazinyl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NH-(morpholinyl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NH-(aralkyl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NH-(cyclopropyl), —OSO₂—(C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl), —OSO₂-(aryl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-OSO₂— (aryl), —OSO₂— (aralkyl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-OSO₂— (heteroaryl), —OSO₂—(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —OSO₂— (pyridyl), —OSO₂— (thiazolyl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NHSO₂— (aryl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NHSO₂— (heteroaryl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NHC(O)-(aryl), —O—(C₂₋₆ alkylene)-NHC(O)-(heteroaryl), —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)pyridyl, —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)pyrimidinyl, —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)morpholinyl, —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)thiomorpholinyl, —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)imidazolyl, —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)thienyl, —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)tetrahydropyranyl, —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)tetrahydrofuranyl, —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)pyrrolidinyl, —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)piperidinyl, or —O—(C₀₋₄ alkyl)piperazinyl group; R₅ and R₆ are independently —H, —OH, or an unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy group; or R₄ and R₅ together are a methylenedioxy group, or R₅ and R₆ together are a methylenedioxy group; and R₈ is —H, —OH, —COOH, or an unsubstituted alkyl or —(CH₂)₁₋₆-phenyl group.
 20. The compound of claim 10, wherein R₁ and R₂ are independently —H, —CH₃, —CH₂COOH, —CH₂C(O)OCH₂CH₃, allyl, or R₁ and R₂ together are a methylene group; R₃ and R₃′ are each —H, or R₃ and R₃′ together are an oxo group; R₄ is —H, —OH, OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —O(CH₂)₂OH, —OCH₂COOH, —OCH₂COOCH₂CH₃, —O(CH₂)₂COOH, —O(CH₂)₂CH₂Br, —O-acetyl, —O-benzoyl, —O—(CH₂)₂—NH—(CH₂)₂—N(CH₃)₂, —O—(CH₂)₂—NH—(CH₂)₂—OCH₃, —O—(CH₂)₂—NH—(CH₂)₂—SCH₃, —O—(CH₂)₂—NH-morpholinyl, —O—(CH₂)₂—NH—(CH₂)₃—N(CH₃)₂, —O—(CH₂)₂—NH-benzyl, —O—(CH₂)₂—NH—(CH₂)₃-(thiomorpholine dioxide), —O—(CH₂)₂—NH—(CH₂)₃-morpholinyl, —O—(CH₂)₂—NH—(CH₂)₃-tetrahydropyranyl, —O-pyridyl optionally substituted with one or two substituents selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₄ alkyl, —NO₂, and NH₂, —O—(CH₂)₂—S-phenyl, —OSO₂-naphthyl optionally substituted with di(C₁₋₄ alkyl), —OSO₂—CF₃, —OSO₂-thiaolyl optionally substituted with acetamido, —O—(CH₂)₀₋₂SO₂-phenyl wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or two substituents selected from the group consisting of methyl, methoxy, fluoro, chloro, trifluoromethyl, and nitro, —OSO₂-cyclopentyl, —OSO₂-thienyl, —OSO₂-benzyl, —(CH₂)₂-cyclopropyl, —(CH₂)₂-morpholinyl, —(CH₂)₂-imidazolyl, —(CH₂)₂-pyrrolidinyl, or —(CH₂)₂-piperazinyl group, wherein the piperazinyl group is optionally substituted with methyl, isopropyl, or methoxyethyl; R₅ and R₆ are independently —H, —OH, or —OCH₃; and R₈ is —H, methyl, ethyl, —COOH, or benzyl.
 21. A composition comprising a compound of claim 10 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 22. A pharmaceutical composition for treating a condition selected from the group consisting of hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hepatic steatosis, and metabolic syndrome, the composition comprising a lipid-lowering effective amount of compound of Formula III or Formula IV,

or stereoisomers thereof, tautomers thereof, solvates thereof, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; wherein R₁ and R₂ are independently —H, —(CH₂)₀₋₆COOR′, —C(O)R″, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heterocyclylalkyl group; or R₁ and R₂ together are a methylene group; R₃ and R₈ are independently —H, —OH, —Cl, —Br, —F, —I, —CN, —NH₂, —C(O)NH₂, —COOH, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkoxy or aralkyl group; R₃′ is H, or R₃ and R₃′ together are an oxo group; R₄ is —H, halogen, —OR′, —OSO₂R″, —OC(O)R″, —OC(O)OR″, —OC(O)NR′R″, —O-alkylene-NR′R′, —O-alkylene-OSO₂R″, —O-alkylene-S(O)₀₋₂R″, —O-alkylene-NR′SO₂R″, —O-alkylene-N(R′)C(O)R′, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group; R₅ and R₆ are independently —H, halogen, —OH, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group; or R₄ and R₅ together are a methylenedioxy group, or R₅ and R₆ together are a methylenedioxy group; R₇ is H, halogen, OH, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or alkoxy group; R₉ is H or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group; each R′ is independently a hydrogen, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heterocyclylalkyl group; each R″ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heterocyclylalkyl group.
 23. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 22, wherein the 14-position of the compound of Formula III or Formula IV is the R-(+) stereochemical configuration.
 24. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 22, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of (+)-corypalmine, 14R,13S-(+)-corydaline, 14R-(+)-tetrahydropalmitine, (+)-corlumidine, (+)-bicuculline, and (+)-egenine. 